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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,时态,1,、一般现在时,主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有,often, always, from time to time,等时间状语；,表示客观规律和永恒真理等。,He usually goes to work at 7 o,clock every morning.,She has a brother who lives in New York.,The earth goes around the sun.,Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.,一般现在时,考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。,I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.,考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：,时间：,when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day;,条件：,if, unless, provided.,If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.,一般现在时,考点三：在,make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter,宾语从句，,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。,For example:,So long as he works hard, I don,t mind when he finishes the experiment.,只要他努力工作，,我不介意他什么时候做完试验,一般现在时,考点四：在,the more,the more,(,越越,),句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。,For example:,The harder you study, the better results you will get.,2,一般过去时,表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：,yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when。,一般过去时,注意：,1. used to + do,，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。,to,为不定式，后接动词原形。,2. be/become/get used to + doing,表示习惯于,He used to smoke a lot.,He has got used to getting up early.,3,、现在进行时,表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频度副词，,如,always,，,constantly,，,continually,，,again,等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。,We are having English class.,The house is being built these days.,The little boy is always making trouble.,现在进行时,考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。,Look out when you are crossing the street.,Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.,现在进行时,考点二：,表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。,具有这种,语法,功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：,go, leave, come, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, do, dine, give, have, pay, join, punish, spend, sleep, take, fly, change, work, wear, see, lunch, play,Mary is leaving on Friday.,现在进行时,考点三：be 的进行时,系动词be的进行时加动态形容词表示暂时出现的某种情况或品质。这种结构为一种修饰手法，起强调作用，多含讽刺、厌烦、不满意等。尤其指主语的装模作样，有时也表示人们的一时行为。,You are being foolish.,The boy is being naughty.,He is being modest. (他现在表现的很谦虚。只是作样子),现在进行时,考点四：,以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：,(1)表示感知的动词：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；,(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；,(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；,(4)表示所有、占有的动词：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳)；,(5)其他动词：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。；但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如： 1）Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him? （look 在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”） 2）Tom is looking for his books. （look 在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”）,4. 过去进行时,过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示,过去反复的习惯,，常与always, continually，constantly 等动词连用。例如：,1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.,2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.,真题,1James has just arrived，but I didnt know he _ until yesterday(200554),Awill come Bwas coming Chad been coming Dcame,2Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, _ for Europe this afternoon(200451),Aare to leave Bare leaving Cis leaving Dleave,3How can I ever concentrate if you _ continually _ me with silly questions?(199741),Ahaveinterrupted Bhadinterrupted,Careinterrupting Dwereinterrupting,B C C,5,、现在完成时,（1）,表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：,考点一：,for +,时间段；,since +,时间点,They have lived in Beijing for five years.,They have lived in Beijing since 1995.,I have learned English for ten years.,现在完成时,考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：,lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, for,Has it stopped raining yet ?,现在完成时,考点三：在表示“最近几世纪,/,年,/,月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。,in the past few years / months/ weeks/ days,；,over the past few years;,during the last three months;,for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history,等,现在完成时,考点四：,This (That, It) is (will be) the first (second) time +定语从句；,This (That, It) is (will be) the only (last) + n +定语从句；,This (That, It) is +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。,如果,主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；,This is my first time that I have visited China.,This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.,That is the only book that he has written.,真题,1. _conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. (2005-55),A. I was and always will be,B. I have to be and always will be,C. I had been and always will be,D. I have been and always will be,2. That was not the first time he _ us. I think its high time we _ strong actions against him. (2005-60),A. betrayed . take B. had betrayed . took,C. has betrayed . took D. has betrayed . take,D B,现在完成进行时,现在完成进行时：have (has) +been+现在分词,现在完成进行时可以用来表示一个动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到说话时刻还在继续或刚刚结束。常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如： for + 一段时间, for + 一段时间+now; these few weeks，since early morning等。一般只适用于动作动词。例如：,I have been writing papers all this morning,He has been thinking it over,现在完成进行时,现在完成时,强调动作的延续性，有时表示临时性质,强调是某个刚刚完成的动作，或某个过去的动作对 现在的影响或产生的结果，也可表示延续性,可表示动作的重复,一般不表示重复性,Love，know等状态动词不用于现在完成进行时,Love，know等状态动词用于现在完成时,现在完成进行时与现在完成时,1. She has read this novel,她已经读完这本小说了。,She has been reading this novel,她一直在读这本小说。,2. Have you met her recently?,最近见到她吗,?,Have you been meeting her recently?,最近跟她在约会吗,?,3. He has loved (known) Mary since he was in college,(,正,),He has been loving (knowing) Mary since he was in college,(,误,),真题,4Jack_ from home for two days now，and I am beginning to worry about his safety. (200342),Ahas been missing B. has been missed Chad been missing D. was missed,5For some time now, world leaders _ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction. (2002-43),Ahad been pointing,Bhave been pointing,Cwere pointing,D. pointed,A B,过去完成时 had+done,1）A.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前刚刚完或结束。也可能是早已完成或结束。例如：,The film had begun when we arrived at the cinema,B.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且仍有继续下去的可能性。只适用于状态动词和表示持续性动作的动词。常与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：,By the end of last year, he had work here for thirty years.,注意：,（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：,I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away.,另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：,1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt.,2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.,注意,（3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when +,过去时,。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +,过去时,。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3）by (the end of ) +,过去时间,，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon.,真题,When I arrived at the meeting，the first speaker _and the audience_ (1992-47),Ahad finished speaking，were clapping,Bhad finished speaking，had clapped,Cfinished speaking，clapped,Dfinished speaking，were clapping,A,过去完成进行时had+been+现在分词,A表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。该动作可能延续下去，可能不延续下去。例如：,The heavy snow had been falling for three days一连下了三天大雪,B表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最紧的情况等。例如：,She had been telling you this他多次跟你说这件事。,将来时间表示法,shall,句型S + V (原形) ,will,将来时间表示法,1 be going to + V （即将会；打算将),在现在英语中，特别是在口语中，一般更倾向于使用“begoingto+动词原形”这一句型，但两者主要区别还不在此。,“begoingto+动词原形”表示一个事先考虑好的意图，相当于中文的“打算”、“计划”、“准备”等。 “will/shall+动词原形”则表示未经事先考虑而将要发生的情况，但是如果不清楚是否须先考虑还是未考虑的意图时，两者都可用。,将来时间表示法,2. be about to + V （即将，指紧接着要发生的动作。）,例：Lets wait a minute. He is about to arrive.,3be + V-ing （定于，指接近的将来动作。）,例：He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.,（他定于明天早晨到香港去。）,4be + to V （定于，指预定的将来动作。,具有“必要”的强制性意义,）,例：She is to be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.,（她定于明晨九时到达这里。）,5V-（e）s （定于，指接近的将来动作，但不如第3项主观。）,例：He leaves for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.,（他定于明天早晨到香港去。与（3）项的区别在于（3）项的动作是出自主语的决定，（5）项则不一定是出自主语的决定。）,将来时间表示法,6. be due to +v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes.,7. be on the point/verge of +v ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.,将来进行时,表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。,I,ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.,明天这会我正在写作业。,The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.,将来完成时,将来完成时：shallwill + have done,A将来完成时表示将来某时刻之前或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作，常和by或by the time等结构连用。,I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week,B. 表示将来某时刻为止动作的持续时，也可用将来完成时。,They will have worked in the company for five years by next month.,将来完成进行时,shall(will)have been+现在分词,表示将来某时、某事之前已经发生的动作，一直延续到将来某一时间，是否延续下去，视上下文定。常同表示将来某一时间的状语连用。例如：,It will have been snowing for a whole week if it snows again tomorrow如果明天还下雪的话，就要下整整一周了。,特定结构和句型中的时态,This(That/It) is the first (second) +名词 +定语从句,This(That/It) is the only (last) +名词 +定语从句,This(That/It) is the +形容词最高级+名词 +定语从句,如果主句的谓语动词是,一般现在时,，从句谓语动词通常用,现在完成时,；,如果主句谓语动词是,一般过去时,，从句谓语动词通常用,过去完成时,。,（1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. （2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.,Examples,This is one of the rarest questions that _ at such a meeting.,A. has ever been raised B. is raised D. have ever been raised C. are raised,There was a knock at the door, it was the second time someone _ me that evening.,A. had interrupted B. would have interrupted C. to have interrupted D. to be interrupted,by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用,过去完成时,。如：,We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.,Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.,(表示1919年时已发生的情况),特定结构和句型中的时态,(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是,一般现在时,的从句，主句用,将来完成时,。如：,By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.,I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.,(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用,现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：,The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.,It is four years since John left school.,特定结构和句型中的时态,特定结构和句型中的时态,It is /has been + 时间段 since +从句（,一般过去时,）,It will be +时间段 before +从句（,现在时）,It was +时间段 before +从句,（一般过去时）,It is likely /unlikely that +从句,（一般将来时）,Examples,It _ 2 weeks since she fell down the stairs, but you can still see the bruises.,A. was B. is C. will be D. were,Last night a man escaped from prison. It was a long time _ the guards discovered what had happened.,A. since B. when C. before D. that,特定结构和句型中的时态,“,祈使句+and,”结构中 , and 引导的并列分句谓语动词,用一般将来时,。,Hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan句型中主句常用,过去完成时，从句用一般过去时,。,Examples,_ when she started complaining.,A. Not until he arrived,B. Hardly had he arrived,C. No sooner had he arrived,D. Scarcely did he arrive,Turn on the radio or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy and balanced families.,A. are often seeing B. often see,C. have often seen D. will often see,用一般现在时的特殊结构：,1. 在I dont care, I dont mind, it doesnt matter, its not important等结构后，多用一般现在时，通常不用将来时。例如：,I dont care whether he comes or not.,It doesnt matter who goes there in his place.,2. As, than 等后的从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。,主将从现,的规则同样适用于as, than, whether, where等引导的从句中。例如：,Hell probably be on the same plane as I am tomorrow.,Ill go where she goes.,I will have a good time whether I win or lose.,3. 如果主句谓语是一般将来时，句中宾语从句或定语从句的谓语用一般现在时表示将来。例如：,If you dont come tomorrow, I will go to your house and find out why youre not at work.,The man who marries his daughter will need to be tough, fast-moving, and quick-thinking.,4. 在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：,See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.,(include 不能用will include或其他形式),特定结构和句型中的时态,副词的位置,在时态测试中，根据某些副词在句中的特殊位置这一特点，也有助于判断选项的正误。 频率副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never, ever, usually , rarely, occasionally, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等以及just, shortly等其他副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或 be动词与实义动词之间。在省略结构中，这些副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be 动词之前。,Examples,We _ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.,A. just have had B. have just had,C. just had had D. had just had,San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _.,A. is rarely B. rarely is,C. hardly is D. is scarcely,代词,指示代词用法,This, that, these, those,1. 为避免重复可用that, those代替前面提到的名词,2.用来指上文提到的事物，常用that，但若用来指下问题到的事情，常用this.,3. This, that还可以用作副词，来修饰形容词或者副词，相当于so,The following are all correct responses to “who told the news to the teacher?” EXCEPT _.(2008),A. Jim did this. B. Jim did so.,C. Jim did that D. Jim did.,My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk _far. (2006),A. / B. such C. that,Other, the other, another, others,单数时，泛指用another, 特指用the other;复数时，泛指用other +复数名词，或others (后面不能接名词)，特指用the other +复数名词或the others (后不接名词),注意：,Another后一般要用单数可数名词，但若其后的名词有数词或few来修饰，也可以接复数名词。,No one, nobody, none,No one, nobody指人不指物，后不能接of短语，作主语时谓语动词用单数；none可以指人也可以指物，后常接of短语，作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，若指复数名词，谓语动词可单可复。,When one has good health, _ should feel fortunate.(2010),A. you B. they C. he D. we,Our association, which has consistently pressed for greater employment opportunities for the disabled, will publish _proposals in the near future. (2008),A. their B. our C. his D. its,66. Why are you staring? Ive never seen _tree before. (2005),A. kind of B. that kind of C. such kind D. such,C D B,53. His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting.(2005),A. so as to B. such as to,C. such to D. as much as to,58. I know he failed his last test, but really hes _ stupid.(2005),A. something but B. anything butC. nothing but D. not but,BB,59. Do you know Tims brother? He is _ than Tim. (2005),A. much more sportsman B. more of a sportsman,C. more of sportsman D. more a sportsman,64. It was _ we had hoped. (2006),A more a success than B a success more than,C as much of a success as D a success as much as,48. He was _ to tell the truth even to his closest friend.,A. too much of a coward B. too much the coward,C. a coward enough D. enough of a coward,B C A,情态动词,1.Someone is knocking at the door. _ it be Venis？,No, it _ be her； she left for New York this morning.,A. Can; mustnt B. Might; cant,C. May; doesnt D. Can; cant,Is there a movie on in the cinema tonight？,There_ be. I will phone the cinema and find it out.,A. might B. should C. can D. could,D A,can/could 可以用在肯定句，疑问句和否定句中，表示可能性的推测。cant/couldnt 表示“不可能”。,may或might用在肯定句中，表示可能性的推测。,He didnt agree with me at first, but I _ persuade him to sign the agreement later.,A. could B. might C. should D. was able to,情态动词can和be able to都可表示能力。当表示“过去成功地做了某事”时，常用was（were） able to。,You _ out last night. I called you several times, but nobody answered.,A. must have been B. must be,C. might have been D. could be,Oh, Jane, youve broken another glass. You ought _ when you washed it.,A. be careful B. to care,C. have cared D. to have been careful,We _ booked. Look, this restaurant is almost empty.,A. must have B. cant have,C. should have D. neednt have,Do you still remember the day when we went to the Great Wall？,I cant remember it well， but _ sometime last autumn？,A. might it be B. could it have been,C. could it be D. must it have been,Mum，I climbed to get the Teddy Bear from the top of the shelf.,My goodness！You _ yourself. You mustnt do that next time.,A. must have hurt B. should have hurt,C. may have hurt D. can have hurt,B C,1. I cant get through to the general managers office anyhow.,The line is busy. Someone _ the telephone.,A. must use B. uses,C. must have been using D. must be using,2. It is rather cold here. Shall we light a fire？,No, we _ because things are easy to catch fire.,A. wont B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt,3. Listen! The fire engine is roaring. There _ be a fire somewhere.,A. should B. must C. will D. ought to,D C B,1. “The interest _ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge.,A. may B. should C. must D. shall,2. Who is the girl standing over there？,Well， if you _ know， her name is Mabel.,A. may B. can C. must D. shall,3. The driver has drunk too much wine and dangerous things _ happen at any time.,A. should B. can C. must D. need,4. You look so upset. Whats wrong with you？,The door _ . Can you help me？,A. wont open B. wont be opened C. cant open D. cant be opened,D C B A,C A,Why do you make me do so？,I am sorry that you _ say such a thing.,A. would B. can C. should D. may,Its strange that they _ nothing about this matter.,A. should know B. would know,C. had known D. knew,5. Could I borrow your dictionary?, Yes, of course you _.,A. might B. will C. can D. should,6. Might I watch TV after supper?, Yes, you _.,A. may B. must C. might D. can,C,A,情态动词完成式表,推测,总结,1. must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测，,不存在 mustnt have done 的形式。,其否定或疑问形式须用can (could) 来表示.,may / might have done 表示“过去可能做了某事”。may 比 might表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。may/might not have done表示“过去可能没有做某事。,注意：may/might have done表推测不能用于疑问句中。,情态动词完成式表,推测,总结,can/could have done 表推测一般用在,否定句和疑问句,中，表示不相信或怀疑的态度。,注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must 最大，could 其次，may 更次之，might 最小。,“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”,“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.” “他肯定/很可能/可能/兴许（没准儿）已从玛丽那儿听说此事了。”,情态动词完成式表,虚拟,总结,1. should have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。”其否定结构 shouldnt have done 表示 “过去本不该做某事却做了。”,2. ought to have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。”其否定结构 oughtnt to have done 表示“过去本不该做某事却做了。”,3. need have done 表示“过去本有必要做某事却未做。”其否定结构 neednt have done 表示“过去本没必要做某事却做了。”,情态动词完成式表,虚拟,总结,4. could,(不能用 can),have done 表示“过去本能够做某事却未做。”注意：其否定形式,couldnt have done 没有虚拟语气的用法，couldnt have done 只能表推测,，相当于 cant have done，意为：“过去不可能做了某事。”,5. might/may have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做。” 注意,：其否定形式 might not have done 没有虚拟语气的用法，might not have done 只能表推测，,相当于 may not have done，意为：“过去可能没有做某事。”,几个情态动词常考的句型,(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.,(2)cannot/canttoo “越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannotover。如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.,(3)usednt或didnt use to为used to (do)的否定式。,(4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.,英语专业四级真题,1995,55. The meetings been cancelled. Ann _ all that work.,A. need to do,B. need have,C. neednt have done,D. needed not to do,1996,49. As it turned out to be a small house party, we _ so formally.,A. need not have dressed up,B. must not have dressed up,C. did not need to dress up,D. must not dress up,C A,D
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