第八讲 非限定动词不定式

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第八讲 非限定动词,非限定动词又叫非谓语动词，包括不定式、分词和动名词。,非限定动词和限定动词的区别,不同点,：,前者不能单独作谓语；不受主语人称和数量的限制；而限定动词的形式要和主语的人和数一致。如；,She likes,to dance,.They,like to dance,.,可以起名词、形容词、副词的作用。如：,To see,is,to believe,.,The man,sitting by her,is my teacher.,Seeing the teacher entering the room,I stood up.,相似点：,1.,都可以带宾语,。,如；,He,bought a computer,.,He wanted,to buy a computer,.,2.,都可以由状语修饰,。,如；,He,studies very hard,in the college.,Studying hard,you will pass the exam,.,3.,都有语态和时态的变化。如：,He,has finished,his homework.,（完成式）,Having finished,his homework,he went out.,The overpass will,be built,there.,（被动）,The hospital,being built,will be completed next month.,动词不定式的句法功能,1.,作主语。如：,To speak English well,isnt an easy job.,To improve our teaching method,is very important.,To talk with her,is a great pleasure.,不定式短语作主语时，为了保持句子平衡，往往用,it,作形式主语，把不定式置于谓语之后。,It,is important,to master English grammar.,2.,作表语。如：,The duty of a doctor is,to treat the sick,cure the injured,and to save lives.,Her wish is,to improve the working condition.,3.,作宾语。如：,They decided,to change their mind.,I cant afford,to live in a detached house.,常跟疑问词不定式作宾语的动词,Askconsiderdecidediscover,Discussexplainfind outforget,Inquireknowlearnremember,Showtellthinkunderstand,wonder,等。如：,I dont know,what to do next.,Can you tell me,how to do this?,不定式作宾语时，如还带有宾补，往往把不定式放在宾补之后，用,it,作形式宾语。如：,I feel,it,difficult,to answer the question.,动词不定式通常不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时例外。如：,He gave some advice,on how to learn a foreign language.,4.,作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。,Tell the children,not to play on the street.,He advised me,to buy a better computer.,在,feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice,observe,see,watch,等感官动词和使役动词,let,have,make,后面，复合宾语中动词不定式的标记通常被省略。动词,help,后的可以省去也可保留。如：,I saw her,enter the cinema,.,We must have someone,repair the computer,.,Roy helps the little girl,(to)finish her homework,everyday.,5.,作定语：用作定语的不定式需跟在所修饰的名词或代词之后。如：,Pear S.Buck was the first American woman,to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature,.,His desire,to win,was apparent.,He is always the first,to come,and the last,to leave.,作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须加相应的介词。如：,There is nothing to worry,about.,She is looking for a room to live,in,.,I need a pen to write,with,.,但如果修饰的名词是,time,place,或,way,后面的介词习惯上省去。如：,He had no,place,to live.,You have only a short,time,to decide.,Thats no,way,to talk.,在,there be,句型中，不定式作定语时可能出现被动式，其含义与主动式基本相同。但当说话人强调的是人去做某事时，不定式用主动形式；强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。如：,There are many books to read/to be read.,Theres plenty of work,to do,.,(Somebody has to do the work.),Theres plenty of work,to be done,.,(The work has to be done.),There is nothing to do,.,(We have nothing to do now.),There is nothing to be done.,(We can do nothing.,意为无能为力，无法挽回。）,6.,作状语修饰动词或句子。,A.,作目的状语：,He went America,to learn English,.,Every morning he gets up early,to exercise.,有些用作句子独立成分的习惯语：,To be frank,坦白地说,to be exact,确切地说,to begin with,首先,To conclude,最后,to be sure,当然,to be fair,公平地说,To tell you the truth,I dont agree with you.,Its about two oclockthree minutes and thirty-five seconds past,to be exact,.,B.,作结果状语,Marks returned home,to learn,his son had gone to the countryside.,改错题,1.Besides,the foreign teachers here work hard and try their best to make the activities lively and interested.,2.I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future!,3.Some students may also to save,4.At night,I was sometimes very tired to do it.,5.He would also catch the food throwing to him from the other side of the room and sing happily.,答案,1.interested interesting,2.see seeing,3.,去掉,to,4.very too,或,to do of doing,5.throwing-thrown,W,词不定式,疑问词,what,who,which,when,where,how,和连词,whether,加不定式，构成一个特殊的不定式短语，可作主语、宾语和表语。如：,How to solve the problem,is very important.,He didnt know,what to say,.,The question is,where to find the source of water.,for,名词,/,代词,to do,在不定式的复合结构中，,for,本身无意义。其后面的宾语在意义上是不定式的逻辑主语。不定式在句中作：,1.,主语,It is necessary for us,to learn from each other,.,2.,表语,These books are,for college students to read,.,3.,宾语,I found it impossible for him to do the job.,4.,作定语,There is a lot of work,for us to do,.,5.,作状语,I sent him some picture,for him to see,what Paris is like.,在表示人、物性质、特征等的形容词（主观评价）后面，常用,of,引出不定式的逻辑主语。如,:careful,bold,clever,considerate,等。,It is very,kind,of you to help him every day.,It was,brave,of you to do that.,It was,stupid,of him to make such a mistake.,不定式的时态和语态,不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态的同时或以后。如：,I often,hear,Dick,play,the piano in the next room.,（,hear,play,同时）,They,saw,him,go out,.(saw,和,go out,同时,),He,hopes,to become,a university student.,（,become,在,hope,以后）,They,decided to plant,more trees,。,不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生，强调后者正在进行。如：,My supervisor,happened to be correcting,my dissertation when I came in.,当我进来时，碰巧我的导师在修改我的论文。,(correct,和,came in,同时发生,),不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前。如：,Im sorry,to have kept,you waiting.,（,to have kept,发生在,am,所表示的时间之前）,Joe is said,to have written,a book on war on Iraq.,有些动词如,wish,hope,intend,mean,plan,think,want,和,be,的过去式不定式的完成式，表示该动作没有完成。如：,I hoped to have fini