教育专题：现在完成时

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The Present Perfect Tense,现在完成时,构成,:,现在完成时由“,have/has+,动词的过去分词”构成。,现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式及简单回答形式（以动词,study,为例）：,肯定式：,I,（,You,）,have,studied,.,He(She,It),has studied,.,We(You,They),have studied,.,否定式,I(You),have not,/,havent,studied.,He(She,It),has not,/,hasnt,studied.,We(You,They),have not,/,havent,studied.,疑问式：,Have,I(you),studied,?,Yes,you(I),have,./,No,you(I),havent.,Has,he(she,it),studied,?,Yes,he(she,it),has,.,No,he(she,it),hasnt,.,Have,we(you,they),studied,?,Yes,you(we,they),have,.,No,you(we,they),havent,.,(2),动词的过去分词：规则与不规则,你还记得过去式吗？,请用两个单词分别写现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句。,I have written my postcard.,I havent written my postcard.,Have you written your postcard?,Yes,I have./No,I havent.,1The room is cold,。,Who,（,open,）,the window,？,2 He,（,go,）,to the cinema,。,3 you,（,put,）,away my dictionary?,4.We_(not finish)the work yet.,5.I_(see)the play.I _(see)it last month with my sister.,6.I am not hungry.I _just_(have)my dinner.,7.Dont worry.The,train_yet,.,A.arrived,B.wont,arrive,C.hasnt,arrived,(3),用法,表示,过去发生,或已经,完成,的某一动作,对现在造成的影响或结果,。例如：,I have opened the window.,我已经把窗户打开了。（窗户是开着的）,The concert has started.,音乐会已经开始（音乐会现在在进行）,They have gone to Shanghai.,他们已去上海了（他们不在这里）,现在完成时,不能和表示过去的时间状语,，如,yesterday,last year,in 1980,three days ago,Just now,when I came in,等,连用,。但,可以和一些不确定的时间状语,，如,already,yet,Sometimes,often,before,lately,once,never,Just,ever,等连用；也,可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,，如,this morning,today,this,Week,this year,等,连用。,例如,She has already come.,她已经来了。,I havent read it yet.,我还没有读过这个,Have you ever seen each other before?,你们见过面吗？,B.,表示,过去已经开始、持续到现在,（也许还会继续进行下去）动作或状态，常和表示,一段时间状语,，如,:today,these days,since,for,this month,now,等连用。例如,:I have studied English for two years.,我学英语已经两年了。,They have lived in Beijing since 1980.,他们自年就一直住在北京。,Weve known each other since we were children.,我们从小就认识。,英语的行为动词大体可以分为两大类型：一是延续性的动词，二是终止性动词。延续行动词是指那些动作意义不会一下完成，而是可以延续、发展的动词。如：,work,read,write,study,等。这些动词的完成时可以和段时间状语连用。终止性动词是指那些动作一次完成，不能延续的动词。如：,come,go,buy,die,join,begin,等。这些动词的肯定式不能和段时间状语连用。在用法中要用延续性动词代替终止性动词。,She has,been,back for two years.(,正）,She has,come,back for two years,（,误）,终止性动词完成时的否定式,表示一种否定状态是可以延续的，所以其否定式可以和段时间状语连用。,如：,I havent seen him for ages.,我好久没见到他了。（现在仍没见到他）,1.,现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。,(,汉语中常用“已经”、“过”、“了”等表达）通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词,just,，,already,before,yet,never,ever,等状语连用。例如：,I,have,never,heard,of that before.,Have,you ever,ridden,a horse?,She,has,already,finished,the work.,Have,you,milked,the cow yet?Yes,I,have done,that already.,I,ve,just,lost,my math book.,现在完成时的构成,助动词,have,(,has,)+,动词的过去分词,注：,has,用于第三人称单数，,have,用于其他所有人称。,规则动词的过去分词变化与过去式相同，不规则变化则须单独记忆。,用法：,2,.,现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。如,for,、,since,等引导的时间状语。（,注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词,）,一段时间的表达方法有两种,:,for:+,一段时间,for a year for two weeks for three years,过去的某一时刻,since nine since last week,一般过去时态的时间状语从句,since you came since you got home.,注意,:for,和,since,所引导的时间状语都表示一段时间,.,He has been away,since last week.,He has been away,for one week,.,对,划线部分提问都用,How long,Since,（,3,）,have been(to),和,have gone(to),的区别：,have/has been(to),表示“,曾经到过某地,”，说话时此人不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。,have/has gone(to),表示某人“,已经去某地了,”，说话时此人可能在路上或已到那里，反正不在这里。,试比较：,He has been to Beijing.,他曾去过北京。,（人已回来，可能在这儿）,He has gone to Beijing.,他已经去北京了。,（人已走，不在这儿）。,现在完成时与一般过去时有何区别呢？请看：,一般过去时与现在完成时之比较,1,）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调,动作,，和现在不发生关系。而现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是,现在的,情况,。,2,）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。,一般过去时的时间状语有：,yesterday,last week,，,ago,in1980,in October,just now,等具体的时间状语。,共同的时间状语有：,this morning,tonight,this summer,before,already,等。,现在完成时的时间状语有：,for,since,ever,never,just,already,yet,in past years,等不确定的时间状语。,请大家认真分析比较下列各例句：,I saw this film yesterday.,（只说明动作发生在过去。）,I have seen this film.,（,强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）,She has returned from Paris.,（,她已从巴黎回来了。）,She returned yesterday.,（,她是昨天回来的。）,He has been in the League for three years.,(,在团内的状态可延续,),He joined the League three years ago.,(,三年前入团，,joined,为短暂行为。,),注意：,句子中如有一般过去时的时间副词（如,yesterday,last week,in 1960,）,时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：,（错）,Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.,（,对）,Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.,现在完成时与瞬间动词,瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“,He has left,.”,但不能说“,He has left for three years,.”,如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法：,一、用,ago,使用一般过去时。,He left here three years ago,.,二、用“,It is+,一段时间,since,一般过去时从句”,It is three years since he left here.,三、用“一段时间,have/has passed+since+,一般过去时从句”,Three years have passed since he left here.,以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。,另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的,be+,名词形容词或副词介词短语等。,1.,直接转化成延续性动词,buy catch(get)a cold,borrow come/go/become,have,have a cold,keep,be,2.,转换成,be+,名词,join the army,join the Party,go to school,be a soldier,be a Party member,be a student,3,转换成,be+,形容词或副词,die finish begin,leave fall sleep,close open,be dead,be over,be on,be away,be asleep,be closed,be open,4.,转换成,be+,介词短语,go to school,join the army,.,我们买这本书三年了,.,We,have had,the book for three years.,他感冒三天了,.,He,has had,a cold for three