Measure-06-SPC-1-V3_B六西格玛

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,97,Module 2.4,Monitoring,YouAre Here,Quality Control,&,&Process ChangeManagement,Standardizeand,Document,Effective,Methods,Establish,Ongoing,Project,Monitoring,Evaluating,Results,Hand Off,SummarizeKey,Learningsand,DraftFuturePlans,Goals,Monitor yourprocessthrough ongoingdatacollection,Usecontrolchartstoplotthedataandidentifysignalsofspecial causes,Usespecial-causeandcommon-cause thinking to reducevariation,通过正,在,在进行,中,中的数,据,据收集,监,监控过,程,程。,使用控,制,制图绘,制,制数据,并,并确定,特,特殊原,因,因的信,号,号。,使用特,殊,殊原因,和,和普通,原,原因的,思,思维方,法,法来减,小,小变化,。,。,Sections,1.Variation andIndividualsCharts,2.ControlChartsfor Discrete Data,:,:p,np,c,anduCharts,3.ControlChartsfor High,-,-Volume Processeswith Subgroups:X,R Charts,4.Summary:UsingControl Charts,Control ChartsforDetecting Small ShiftsQuicklyEWMACharts,areseenintheBlackBelttrainingcourse,Section 1,VariationandIndividualsCharts,Uses forControl Charts,Determineappropriatemanagerialactioninresponsetothe value of adatapointfrom aparticularprocess,Toseeifhighorlowpoints areduetospecialcauses,Understand andpredict processcapability,(,(expectedrangeoffuturevalues)forplanningpurposes,Identifyroot causes,(,(vitalfew Xs)ofvariationbydifferentiating betweenspecialandcommon causesofvariationinthe data,Seewhetherintentionalchanges in aprocesshadthe desiredresult,Monitor keyprocessesand identify shiftsorchanges quicklytohelphold thegainsmade fromanimprovementproject,针对特,定,定过程,的,的某数,据,据点值,确,确定适,当,当的管,理,理措施,。,。,观察高,点,点或低,点,点是否,由,由特殊,原,原因产,生,生,了解和,预,预测过,程,程能力,（,（未来,值,值的预,期,期范围,）,）以便,计,计划。,通过区,分,分数据,变,变化的,特,特殊原,因,因和普,通,通原因,来,来确定,变,变化的,根,根本原,因,因（关,键,键的几,个,个X）。,观察过,程,程中的,有,有意更,改,改是否,产,产生了,期,期望的,结,结果。,监控关,键,键过程,并,并快速,确,确定变,化,化以帮,助,助维持,从,从改进,项,项目中,获,获取的,收,收益。,Discussion:Control ChartsforIndividuals,Useyournotebooktofollowalong,.,.,Discussion:Answers,1.Missing luggagecan be expected to range from0piecesadayto9.5 piecesa day.,2.Therearetwo indications of aspecialcause:8aboveaverage whentherewas anew hire, and1 outsidethe upper controllimitduring asnowstorm.,3.Usespecialcauseactions to respondtothe datapointfromMarch9:,Donotfundamentallychangethe usual luggagehandlingsystem,Work on waystokeeptrackofluggage on dayswhen there aredelaysand cancellationsdue toweather,1.,预,预期丢,失,失行李,件,件数每,天,天在0 件,到,到9.5件之间,。,。,2.有两个,特,特殊原,因,因迹象,：,：当雇,佣,佣新员,工,工时，,有,有8个高于,平,平均值,的,的点，,暴,暴风雪,时,时有1 个,点,点在上,控,控界限,以,以外。,3.对 3,月,月9 日,的,的数据,点,点，使,用,用特殊,原,原因措,施,施：,不从根,本,本上改,变,变通常,的,的行李,搬,搬运系,统,统。,当天气,不,不好航,班,班延误,和,和取消,航,航班时,，,，设法,跟,跟踪行,李,李。,Practice:ReviewTypesofVariation,_,_,_,_,_Thesecausesofvariation area partofthe process,_,_,_,_,_Thesecausesofvariation arenotusuallypresent,_,_,_,_,_Each cause contributes asmallpartofthetotalvariation,_,_,_,_,_They maycome andgosporadically,;,; maybetemporaryorlong-term,_,_,_,_,_Ifthesecausesare present, theprocess is unstable,orunpredictable,_,_,_,_,_Ifallthe variationisduetothesecauses,theprocessisstable,orpredictable,_,_,_,_,_This typeofvariation resultsfromsomethingspecificthathasapronounced effectontheprocess,_,_,_,_,_Wecan,tpredict whenthistype of cause willoccurorhow it willaffect theprocess,_,_,_,_,_Bylooking at aprocessover time, we knowhow muchvariationtoexpectfromthesecauses,_,_,_,_,_这些变,化,化原因,是,是过程,的,的一部,分,分。,_,_,_,_,_这些变,化,化原因,通,通常并,不,不存在,。,。,_,_,_,_,_每个原,因,因构成,总,总变化,的,的一小,部,部分。,_,_,_,_,_它们可,能,能偶然,地,地出现,又,又消失,，,，可能,是,是暂时,的,的或长,期,期的。,_,_,_,_,_如果这,些,些原因,存,存在，,则,则过程,是,是不稳,定,定或不,可,可预测,的,的。,_,_,_,_,_如果所,有,有的变,化,化是由,这,这些原,因,因引起,的,的，则,过,过程是,稳,稳定的,或,或者是,可,可预测,的,的。,_,_,_,_,_这种类,型,型的变,化,化是由,对,对过程,有,有显著,影,影响的,特,特殊原,因,因所造,成,成的。,_,_,_,_,_我们无,法,法预测,这,这种类,型,型的原,因,因何时,发,发生或,如,如何影,响,响过程,。,。,_,_,_,_,_通过查,看,看一段,时,时间的,过,过程变,化,化，我,们,们可以,预,预期从,这,这些原,因,因可产,生,生多大,的,的变化,Practice:ReviewSignalsofSpecial Causes,1.,_,_,_,_(,#,#)ormore pointsina rowonthesameside of thecenterline indicates,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_.,2.,_,_,_,_,(,(#)ormorepointscontinuously increasingordecreasingindicates,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_.,3.,_,_,_,_,(,(#)ormorepointsoutsidethecontrollimitsindicates,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_.,4.,_,_,_,_,(,(#)ormorepointsalternatingupand downindicates,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_.,Note:Toofew or toomany clusters alsosignal specialcauses.,Common,-,-CauseVariation,Definition,Commoncauses aretheprocessinputsand conditionsthatcontribute to theregular,everydayvariationinaprocess.,Commoncauses area partofthe process,They contributetooutput variationbecause theythemselvesvary,Each commoncausecontributesa small partofthe total variation,Bylooking at aprocessover time, we knowhow muchvariation to expectfrom commoncauses,Theprocessisstable, or predictable,when allthevariation is duetocommoncauses,定义,普通原,因,因是导,致,致过程,中,中定时,和,和日常,变,变化的,过,过程输,入,入和条,件,件。,普通原,因,因是过,程,程的一,部,部分。,因为它,们,们自身,在,在变化,，,，所以,它,它们导,致,致了输,出,出变化,。,。,每个普,通,通原因,构,构成总,变,变化的,一,一小部,分,分。,通过观,察,察一段,时,时间的,过,过程变,化,化，我,们,们可以,预,预期普,通,通原因,可,可产生,多,多大的,变,变化。,当所有,变,变化是,由,由普通,原,原因引,起,起时，,该,该过程,是,是稳定,的,的或者,是,是可预,测,测的。,Common,-,-CauseVariation,cont.,Driving to Work,:,: Examples of commoncausevariation,Commoncauses of variationareanormalpartoftheprocess.Togethertheyadduptocreate thevariationweexpect to encounter.The timeittakestodrivetowork,for example,depends on:,Whether lightsarered or green,Amountoftraffic,Pedestrianscrossingthestreet,Havingtowaittomake leftturns,开车上,班,班：普,通,通原因,变,变化的,示,示例,变化的,普,普通原,因,因是过,程,程的一,个,个正常,部,部分。,所,所有原,因,因合并,在,在一起,就,就产生,了,了我们,预,预期遇,到,到的变,化,化。例,如,如，开,车,车上班,所,所需时,间,间取决,于,于：,是红灯,还,还是绿,灯,灯。,交通流,量,量。,过街道,的,的行人,。,。,等待左,转,转的时,间,间。,Special-Cause Variation,Definition,Special causesarefactorsthat arenotalways presentinaprocess butthat appearbecause of someparticularcircumstance,.,.,Special causesarenot usuallypresent,They maycome andgosporadically,;,; maybetemporaryorlong-term,A specialcauseissomething specialorspecificthathasa pronouncedeffect on theprocess,Wecan,tpredict whenaspecial cause willoccurorhowitwill affecttheprocess,Theprocessisunstable,orunpredictable,whenspecial causescontribute to thevariation,定义,特殊原,因,因是过,程,程中不,常,常存在,但,但在特,定,定环境,下,下却又,出,出现的,因,因素。,特殊原,因,因并不,经,经常存,在,在。,它们可,能,能偶然,地,地出现,又,又消失,，,，可能,是,是暂时,或,或长期,的,的。,特殊原,因,因是特,定,定的，,并,并对过,程,程有显,著,著影响,。,。,我们无,法,法预测,特,特殊原,因,因何时,发,发生或,者,者如何,影,影响过,程,程。,当特殊,原,原因导,致,致变化,时,时，过,程,程是不,稳,稳定的,或,或者是,不,不可预,测,测的。,Special-Cause Variation,cont.,Driving to Work,:,: Examples of special,-,-causevariation,Special causesofvariationdonot normally occur.They areoftentheresult of somechange in theprocess.They often cause thevariationtoextend beyondwhat we normally expect.,Some specialcauses thatmightresult in shiftsortrendsindrivingtime are:,Havingtotakea detourforseveraldays or weeks,Droppingkids at swimming lessonsonthe waytowork,Some specialcauses thatmightresult in singlehigh or lowpointsindrivingtime are:,Anaccident,A detourforonlyoneday,A flattire,Lighttraffic becausemost,otherpeoplehavetheday off,开车上,班,班：特,殊,殊原因,变,变化的,示,示例,变化的,特,特殊原,因,因并不,经,经常发,生,生。它,们,们常常,是,是过程,中,中的某,些,些变化,的,的结果,。,。它们,常,常常使,变,变化超,出,出我们,通,通常预,期,期的范,围,围。,可能造,成,成开车,时,时间变,化,化或有,变,变化趋,势,势的特,殊,殊原因,有,有：,有几天,或,或几周,必,必须绕,道,道行驶,。,。,上班途,中,中送孩,子,子去学,游,游泳。,可能造,成,成开车,时,时间出,现,现单个,高,高点或,单,单个低,点,点的特,殊,殊原因,有,有：,车祸。,只有某,一,一天绕,道,道行驶,。,。,车胎漏,气,气。,由于大,多,多数人,正,正在休,假,假，从,而,而使交,通,通畅通,。,。,TestsforSpecialCauses,8 or morepoints in arow on thesame sideofthe medianindicatesaprocess shift.,(Ifthe dataare symmetric,it,sOKtousethe averageasthe centerlineinsteadofthemedian.),6 or morepointsina rowcontinuouslyincreasingordecreasing indicatesa trend.,(Startcountingatthe point where thedirectionchanges.,),),Toofew runsindicatesashiftintheprocessaverage,a cycle,ora trend.,Toomanyrunsindicatessamplingfromtwosources,overcompensation,orabias.,连续8 个,点,点或更,多,多点位,于,于中线,的,的同侧表示一,个,个过程,偏,偏移。（如果数,据,据是对,称,称分布,的,的，将,平,平均值,代,代替中,值,值作为,中,中线是可以的。）连续6 个,或,或更多,点,点持续增,加,加或减,小,小表示,一,一种趋,势,势。（在方向,发,发生变,化,化的点,开,开始计,数,数。）过少运,行,行表示过,程,程平均,值,值、循,环,环或趋,势,势的偏,移,移。,过多运,行,行表示从,两,两个来,源,源抽样,，,，过度,补,补偿或,存,存在偏,斜,斜。,TestsforSpecialCauses, cont,.,.,14ormore pointsina rowalternatingupanddownindicatesbiasorsamplingproblems.,Oneormorepointsoutsidethecontrollimitsindicatesthatsomethingisdifferent about those points.,MEASUREMENT,连续14,个,个或更,多,多点交,替,替上下表示存,在,在偏斜,或,或抽样,问,问题。,一个或,更,更多点,位,位于控,制,制界限,以,以外表示那,些,些点有,所,所不同,。,。,IndividualsCharts,:,:TheSwissArmyKnifeofControl Charts,Because theycan be usedwithanydatathat is time,-,-ordered,and in generalare veryversatile,individualschartsare themost frequentlyusedtype of controlcharts.However,with particularkindsofdataorsituations,they aresometimesslower to signalspecial causesthan other kinds of charts,soit,sbest to understandothertypesofcontrolchartsaswell.,因为个,体,体图可,用,用于按,时,时间顺,序,序排列,的,的任何,数,数据，,而,而且有,多,多种用,途,途，所,以,以个体,图,图是最,常,常用的,控,控制图,类,类型。,然,然而，,对,对于某,些,些特殊,类,类型的,数,数据或,场,场合，,它,它们可,能,能比起,其,其它类,型,型的图,更,更慢揭,示,示特殊,原,原因，,因,因此最,好,好也了,解,解其它,类,类型的,控,控制图,。,。,Introduced in Measureasone of themost commontypesofcontrol charts,Most often usedfor continuousdatawhereeach datapointrepresentsa singlemeasurement,(,(“individuals data,”,”),Control limitsdetermined by theprocess mean+(or+),Usefulinawide varietyofsituations,Control ChartsforIndividualsData:Review,在“测量”,中,中被介,绍,绍为一,种,种最普,通,通的控,制,制图类,型,型,最常用,于,于连续,数,数据，,每,每个数,据,据点表,示,示单个,测,测量（,个,个别数,据,据）,控制界,限,限由过,程,程平均,值,值+3.14R（或+2.66R）确定,在许多,不,不同的,情,情形下,都,都有用,AsdiscussedinMeasure,tomakeanindividualschartyouneedmeasurestakenoneatatime,insequence,overa periodoftime.Thesemeasuresmaybetaken,:,:,Ata specific time, suchasdailyorweekly measures,Asthey occur,such as measures of items as theyare produced,Thecenterlineofanindividualschartisgenerallythe averageormean.Thereare twosets of formulas commonly usedtocalculate thecontrol limits,one based on theaverage movingrange(R-bar,),) andonebasedonthemedianmoving range(R-tilde),.,.,Method2,using,ispreferred becauseitisnot influencedbyspecialcausesasmuch.Iftherearespecial causesthis methodwill generallygive younarrowerlimitsthanmethod1,reflectingcommoncauses moreaccurately,and increasingthe oddsthatyou,lldetect thespecial causes.,However,many companiesprefertouse,.,.,Iftherearenospecialcauses, eithermethodwillgive youthesamelimits,.,.,Control Limits: Method 1,Control Limits: Method 2,UCL,=,+,2.66,2.66,R,R,X,L,CL,=,X,UCL,=,+,3.14,3.14,R,X,L,CL,=,X,R,Centerline,=,X,Review,:,:Data andFormulasforIndividualsCharts,OmittingSpecial CausesFrom Calculations,Control limitsshouldbebasedoncommon-cause variationtomaximizethechance of detectingspecial causes,Omit special,-,-causevalues fromthe calculation of controllimits andtheaveragewhen,Youcan identify their cause,They arenotlikely to occur again,This means thatmanycontrol limitsarecalculatedtwice:,Once withthe fullset of original data, fromwhichyou detectthespecialcause(s),Once withthe specialcauses omitted,(,(so limitswill representonly common-causevariation,),),Stillplot thespecial-cause datapoints on thechart,but highlightormark those thatare omittedfromthecalculations,Note:Ifyouhavefewdatapoints,(,(lessthan40), omission of thespecial causesfrom thecontrol limit calculationsmaydrasticallychange thelocationofthelimits;themoredata pointsyouhave,the lesschange youarelikely to seewhen specialcauses areomitted.,控制界,限,限应基,于,于普通,原,原因变,化,化，使,检,检测到,特,特殊原,因,因的可,能,能性最,大,大。,当计算,控,控制界,限,限和平,均,均值时,若,若有下,列,列情况,，,，可忽,略,略特殊,原,原因的,值,值：,可确定,原,原因。,它们不,可,可能再,次,次发生,。,。,这意味,着,着很多,控,控制界,限,限要计,算,算两次,：,：,对完整,的,的原始,数,数据计,算,算一次,，,，要从,原,原始数,据,据中检,测,测特殊,原,原因。,对省略,了,了特殊,原,原因的,数,数据计,算,算一次,（,（因此,界,界限仅,代,代表普,通,通原因,变,变化）,。,。,仍在图,中,中绘出,特,特殊原,因,因数据,点,点，但,突,突出显,示,示或标,记,记出那,些,些在计,算,算中被,省,省略的,数,数据点,。,。,注意：,如,如果数,据,据点很,少,少（少,于,于40）,，,，在控制,界,界限的,计,计算中,省,省略特,殊,殊原因,可,可能会,大,大幅度,改,改变界,限,限的位,置,置；数,据,据点越,多,多，省,略,略特殊,原,原因后,可,可能看,到,到的改,变,变就越,小,小。,Responding to ControlCharts,Appropriatemanagerial actionsare quite differentforcommon causesthan forspecial causes.,Interpret Control Chart,Stable?,Special-Cause,Strategy,Common-Cause,Strategy,Unstable,Stable,ConsequencesofActionsTakeninResponsetoControl Charts,StrategyforEliminatingSpecialCausesofVariation,Ourgoalistoeliminatethe specific specialcauses or to makeanunstableprocessstable,.,.,Gettimely datasospecial causesaresignaledquickly.,Take immediateactiontoremedyany damage.,Immediatelysearchfor acauselinkedtothe pointsthat aresignaledasspecial.Find outwhat wasdifferentonthatoccasion.Isolatethedeepestcauseyoucan affect.,Develop alonger-termremedythat willpreventthat specialcausefromrecurring,.,. Or,ifresults aregood,retainthatlesson,.,.,我们的,目,目标是,消,消除特,定,定的特,殊,殊原因,或,或使不,稳,稳定的,过,过程变,得,得稳定,。,。,获得及,时,时的数,据,据以迅速,显,显示特,殊,殊原因,。,。,立即采,取,取措施补救任,何,何损失,。,。,立即搜,索,索与该特,殊,殊点相,关,关的原因。找出该,情,情况的,不,不同之,处,处。隔,离,离影响,最,最深的,原,原因。,制定一,个,个较长,期,期的补,救,救方案，以防,止,止特殊,原,原因再,次,次发生,。,。或者,，,，如果,结,结果很,好,好，则,保,保留该,方,方案。,StrategyforReducingCommon CausesofVariation,Commoncauses of variationcanhardly everbereducedbyattemptstoexplain thedifference betweenindividualpointsifthe processisinstatisticalcontrol.,Allthe dataare relevant,Don,tfocusonjust highpoints or lowpoints,Don,tfocusonpointsyou likeordontlike,Make fundamental changesfor improvement,Stratifyordisaggregatedatatolook forcluesthat helpfocusthe searchforsolutions,Experiment to seewhat impactdifferentvariables haveonthe process,Prepare forcomplexity,Improvingastableprocessismore complexthanidentifyinga specialcause,moretime andresources, andthus management,sleadership,aregenerally needed,如果过,程,程在统,计,计控制,下,下，试,图,图通过,解,解释个,别,别点之,间,间的差,异,异来减,少,少变化,的,的普通,原,原因几,乎,乎是不,可,可能的,。,。,所有数,据,据是相,关,关的。,不要只,注,注重高,点,点或低,点,点。,不要注,重,重您喜,欢,欢或不,喜,喜欢的,点,点。,进行根,本,本改变,以,以便改,进,进。,对数据,分,分层或,解,解集以,寻,寻找线,索,索来帮,助,助搜索,解,解决方,案,案。,进行实,验,验以查,看,看不同,的,的变量,对,对过程,有,有什么,影,影响。,为复杂,情,情况作,准,准备。,改进稳,定,定的过,程,程比确,定,定特殊,原,原因要,复,复杂得,多,多需,要,要更多,的,的时间,和,和资源,，,，通常,还,还需要,管,管理阶,层,层的领,导,导。,Exercise1:InterpretingIndividualsCharts,Objective,:,:Practiceinterpretingindividualscharts anddecidingonappropriateactions or conclusions.,Time:25mins.,Instructions,:,:Four cases areprovidedonthenextfour pages.,1.Working alone,read eachcaseandstudythe controlcharts.,2.Asa small group,answerthe questionsthat followeach case,.,.,3.Bepreparedtosharewith thewholegroup.,目的：练习解,释,释个体,图,图并确,定,定适当,的,的措施,或,或结论,。,。,时间：25,分,分钟,指示：下面4 页,提,提供了,四,四个案,例,例。,1.自己单,独,独做，,阅,阅读每,个,个案例并研究,控,控制图,。,。,2.分成小,组,组回答每个案,例,例后的,问,问题。,3.准备与,全,全组学,员,员一起,讨,讨论。,Case #1Training Costs,Thedirectorofhumanresources wasreviewingher training expenses forthepasttwoyears,.,. Based on thelast 12 months,she hadbudgetedtheaveragecost of $98,000eachmonth,but lastmonthexpenseswere,$,$105,000.She wantedtoknow whatwas differentaboutlast month andaskedherstafftofindoutwhathadhappenedsotheycouldavoidtheprobleminthefuture.,a.Islast monthsdatatheresult of specialorcommon causes?Why?,b.Didthe director of human resourcestake theappropriatetype of action?,c.What shouldsheexpect hermonthly training costs to be?,Exercise1:InterpretingIndividualsCharts,cont.,案例#1培训成,本,本,人力资,源,源部主,任,任复查,了,了过去,两,两年来,的,的培训,费,费用。,根,根据过,去,去 12 个,月,月的费,用,用数据,，,，她列,出,出每个,月,月的平,均,均预算,成,成本为$98,000，但上一,个,个月的,费,费用却,为,为$105,000。她想知,道,道上一,个,个月有,什,什么不,同,同，因,此,此要求,下,下属查,明,明原因,，,，以便,将,将来可,避,避免该,问,问题。,a.上一个,月,月的数,据,据是特,殊,殊原因,还,还是普,通,通原因,的,的结果,？,？为什,么,么？,b.人力资,源,源部主,任,任是否,采,采取了,适,适当的,措,措施？,c.她应该,预,预期的,月,月培训,成,成本是,多,多少？,Case #2Downtime,A packagingline hadbeen averaging4 hours of downtime aweekfrom March 8throughAugust23,.,. Since manyofthe problems wererelatedtopowercircuit shutoffs,technicianssuspectedthe power surge-protectionequipment wasmalfunctioning.TheyreplacedittheweekofAugust23and thencontinued to collectdataforeightmoreweeks.,*,*,a.Didthe newpowersurgeequipmenthelp?,b.Ifso,inwhatweek didthey gettheirfirstsignal,?,? Arethereanyothersignalsofa shift in theprocess?,Exercise1:InterpretingIndividualsCharts,cont.,案例#2停工时,间,间,一条包,装,装线在3,月,月 8,日,日到8,月,月 23 日,之,之间平,均,均每周,停,停工4 小,时,时。由,于,于很多,问,问题与,电,电路开,关,关有关,，,，技术,人,人员怀,疑,疑电涌,保,保护装,置,置发生,故,故障。,他,他们,在,在 8,月,月23,日,日这一,周,周更换,了,了它，,并,并连续,再,再收集,了,了 8,周,周的,数,数据。*,a.新的电,涌,涌装置,有,有用吗,？,？,b.如果有,用,用，技,术,术人员,从,从哪一,周,周获得,了,了第一,个,个信号,？,？是否,有,有过程,偏,偏移的,任,任何其,它,它信号,？,？,Case #3CallCenter Volume,A supplier of consumer goods keeps track of ordersthat comeinvia EDI.Itwantstousethisdata to helpbudget forthenew year,.,. If theprocess is stable,managerscan estimate howmany orderswill be received eachday on average,.,. Butfirstthey needtoknowifthereareany indications of specialcauses in theprocess.,a.Does thedata indicate thepresenceofa specialcauseoristhe variationalltheresultofcommon causes?Why?,b.What is theaverage numberoforderstheyshouldexpect eachday?,c.What is themaximum numberoforderstheyshouldexpect to receiveeachday,?,?,0,100,200,300,400,# orders,30-Jan,31-Jan,1-Feb,2-Feb,3-Feb,4-Feb,5-Feb,6-Feb,7-Feb,8-Feb,9-Feb,10-Feb,11-Feb,12-Feb,13-Feb,14-Feb,15-Feb,16-Feb,17-Feb,18-Feb,19-Feb,20-Feb,21-Feb,22-Feb,Individuals Chart of,Orders Received via EDI,Jan 30-Feb 22,UCL = 369.1,X = 208.7,LCL = 48.3,Exercise1:InterpretingIndividualsCharts,cont.,案例#3服务中,心,心容量,生活消,费,费品供,应,应商跟,踪,踪通过EDI获得的,订,订单。,它,它希望,使,使用此,数,数据为,新,新年度,作,作预算,。,。如果过,程,程是稳,定,定的，,则,则经理,们,们可预,测,测平均,每,每天可,收,收到的,订,订单数,。,。 但,他,他们需,要,要知道,过,过程中,是,是否存,在,在任何,特,特殊原,因,因的迹,象,象。,a.数据是,否,否表示,存,存在特,殊,殊原因,或,或者变,化,化是所,有,有普通,原,原因的,结,结果？,为,为什么,？,？,b.他们应,预,预计每,天,天收到,的,的平均,订,订单数,是,是多少,？,？,c.他们应,预,预计每,天,天收到,的,的最大,订,订单数,是,是多少,？,？,Case #4Water Purity,A facility thatproducesplasticcards,(,(credit cards,medical insuranceIDcards,luggagetags,etc,.,.)uses water fromanearbystream to coolequipment usedinaheating process,.,. Theyare allowedtorecyclethewaterbackinto thestreamaslongasitdoesnt exceed50mgofimpurities.A technicianmonitorsthe amountofimpurities in asample drawn every day.,a.Does thedata indicate thepresenceofa specialcauseoristhe variationallthe resultofcommoncauses?,b.Ifthereisa specialcause, which samplesignals it first?,c.What aresome appropriate actions,?,?,Individuals Chart of Impurities,5/1 6/23,0,10,20,30,40,50,Impurities,(milligrams),1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,Sample #,UCL = 39.8,X = 19.8,L,CL = none,Exercise1:InterpretingIndividualsCharts,cont.,案例#4水纯净,度,度,一个生,产,产塑胶,卡,卡片（,信,信用卡,、,、医疗,保,保险ID卡、行,李,李标签,等,等等）,的,的工厂,使,使用附,近,近溪流,中,中的水,来,来冷却,加,加热过,程,程中使,用,用的装,置,置。只,要,要排放,水,水的杂,质,质不超,过,过 50 毫,克,克，该,公,公司就,可,可以将,这,这些水,直,直接排,放,放到溪,流,流中。,技,技术人,员,员每天,抽,抽样监,控,控杂质,量,量。,a.数据是,否,否表示,存,存在特,殊,殊原因,或,或者变,化,化是所,有,有普通,原,原因的,结,结果？,b.如果存,在,在特殊,原,原因，,哪,哪个样,品,品最先,显,显现出,来,来？,c.一些适,当,当的措,施,施是什,么,么？,Exercise1:Answers,AnswerCase1,a.Thevariation is allduetocommon causes.All thepointsare withinthecontrollimitsand noneofthe other tests indicate aspecialcause.,b.Thedirectordid nottake appropriate action.Having herstafflook forwhythe lastdatapointwashighwasaspecial-cause actionthat wastedpeople,stime.Thecauses of variationforthe lastpointwerenodifferentfromthecauses of variationinallthe other points.,c.Theaverageamountspentontrainingeachmonthisabout,$,$98,000.However,itisnormalfor individualmonths to varyanywherebetweenapproximately $88,000and $107,000.,Ifitisimportantfor thiscompanytolowertheaverageorreducethe range of variation,the director needs to takecommon-cause actionstoimprovetheprocess.,案例1答案,a.变化全,部,部是由,于,于普通,原,原因。,所,所有的,点,点都在,控,控制界,限,限内，,没,没有其,它,它测试,表,表示存,在,在特殊,原,原因。,b.主任没,有,有采取,适,适当的,措,措施。,让,让下属,查,查找为,何,何最后,一,一个数,据,据点高,是,是浪费,人,人员时,间,间的特,殊,殊原因,措,措施。,最,最后一,个,个点的,变,变化原,因,因与所,有,有其它,点,点的变,化,化原因,并,并无不,同,同。,c.平均每,月,月花费,在,在培训,上,上的金,额,额是$98,000左右。,但,但是，,个,个别月,份,份从大,约,约$88,000到$107,000之间的,变,变化是,正,正常的,。,。,如果减,少,少平均,值,值或减,小,小变化,范,范围对,这,这家公,司,司很重,要,要，则,主,主任需,要,要采取,普,普通原,因,因措施,以,以改进,过,过程。,Exercise1:Answers,cont.,AnswerCase2,a.Yes, theequipmenthelped.