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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Incoterms,2000,Listening,Reading and Discussing,TEXT:,Sending goods from one country to another,as part of commercial transaction,can be a risky business,.If they are lost or damaged,or if delivery does not take place for some other reason,the,climate,of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought.Therefore,above all,sellers and buyers in international contracts want their deals to be successfully completed.,If,when drawing up their contract,buyer and seller have some commonly understood,rules to specifically refer to,they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.,In so doing,they eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.,The purpose of,Incoterms,is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.,Thus,the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.,Frequently parties to a contract are unaware of the different,trading practices,in the respective countries of their partners.This can give rise to misunderstandings,disputes and,litigation,with all the waste of time and money that this,entails,.,In order to remedy these problems,the,International Chamber of Commerce,first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms.These rules were,known as,Incoterms,1936.Amendments and additions were later made in 1953,1967,1976,1980,1990 and presently 2000 in order to,bring the rules in line,with,current international trade practices.,Incoterms,have been revised to take account of changes in transportation techniques,such as the,unitization of cargo in containers,multimodal transport and,roll on-roll off,traffic with road vehicles and railway wagons in,“,short-sea,”,maritime transport-certain terms have been,consolidated,and rearranged-and to render them fully compatible with new developments in,electronic data interchange(EDI),.,The main reason for the 1990 revision of,Incoterms,was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronic data interchange.In the 1990 version of,Incoterms,this is possible when the parties have to provide various documents(such as commercial invoices,documents needed for,customs clearance,as well as transport documents).,Particular problems arise when the seller has to present a,negotiable,transport document and notably the,bill of lading,which is frequently used for the purpose of selling the goods,while they are being carried,.In these it is of vital importance,when using EDI messages,to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he would have obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.,The 2000 revision of,Incoterms,took account of the spread of,customs-free zones,the increased use of electronic communication,and the changes in transport practices.The new version offers a simpler and clearer presentation of the definitions of all the terms.As in the previous version,the trade terms of,Incoterms,2000 are presented in a format which allows seller and buyer to follow a step-by-step process to determine their respective obligations.,The terms have been grouped in four basically different categories;namely starting with the only term,whereby,the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the sellers own,premises,(the E-term,Ex works,);followed by the second group whereby the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer(the F-terms,FCA,FAS,and,FOB,);,continuing with the C-terms where the seller has to contract for carriage,but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch(,CFR,CIF,CPT,and,CIP,);and,finally,the D-terms whereby the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destination(,DAF,DES,DEQ,DDU,and,DDP,).,Further,under all terms,the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped under 10 headings where each heading on the sellers side,mirrors,the position of the buyer with respect to the same subject matter.Thus,if for instance,according to A.3.the seller has to arrange and pay for the contract of carriage we find the words“No obligation”under the heading“Contract of carriage”in B/3.,setting forth,the buyer position.,However,with respect to the division between the parties of duties,taxes and other official charges,as well as the costs of carrying out customs,formalities,the terms explain for the sake of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties although,of course,the seller might not have any interest at all in the buyers further disposal of the goods after they have been delivered to him.,Conversely,under some terms such as the D-terms,the buyer is not interested in costs which the seller might incur in order to bring the go
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