3 Morphological structure of English words

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Chapter 3,Morphological,S,tructure of,English,W,ords,Key points,The definition&classification of morphemes,(morphs&allomorphs),How to identify morphemes,decontextualization,de,con,text,u,al,iz,ation,3.1 Morpheme,What is a morpheme,？,It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.,（,Crystal 1985,）,语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位,。,Characteristics,All the morphemes have their own meanings,but they cannot be further divided,otherwise they will not make any sense.,Morphemes may have some variants,e.g.,-ation.May also be-tion,-sion,-ion,but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and grammatical function.,Look at the following three words.Could you make out how many morphemes they have?Please judge which analysis is correct.,denaturalization:de,na,tur,-al,-i,-za,-tion,denaturalization:de,nature,-al,-ize,-ation,Individualistic:in,divide,-al,-ist,-ic,Individualistic:in,di,vi,du,-al,-ist,-ic,Undesirables:un,de,sir,-able,-s,Undesirables:un,desire,-able,-s,Did you get the right answer?,Because,No.1,4,and 5,divide the words according to their syllables.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit,but in No.1,4 and 5,.are all meaningless,so they cannot be regarded as morphemes.,Morpheme,s are abstract units,which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.,词素,是抽象的单元，在言语中以名为刑素的具体单位来体现。,The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed,morphs,.,体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为,形素,。,e.g.tree is a morpheme,but it is realized in speech by/tri:/.,3.2 Morphs and Allomorph,Mono-morphemic words,单语素单词,eg.bird,green,sad,want,desire,etc.,The,morpheme,of plurality-s has a set of,morphs,:,/s/in cat,s,/z/in dog,s,/iz/in catch,es,Allomorph,词素变体,An allomorph refers to a number of a set of morphs,which present one morpheme.,词素,变体,指一套刑素中的一个成员，表征一个词素,。,When the plural marker s is added to,cat,dog,and,horse,it is pronounced differently as/-s,-z,-iz/and thus has three phonological forms;the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme s,i.e.the allomorphs of morpheme s.,Relationship,Summary,语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。,morpheme,又可称为形位、语素等。词素是抽象的，它是通过词素形式即形素,morph,表现出来的。词素还有变体形式，在语言学中称为词素变体,allomorph,。,3.3,Classifications of morphemes,in terms of their capacity of occurring alone,Free,vs.,bound,morphemes,applying to affixes only,Derivational,vs.,inflectional,morphemes,on a semantic and syntactic basis,Content/lexical,vs.,grammatical,morphemes,Free vs.bound morphemes,自由语素与粘着语素,Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free.Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.,自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。,e.g.,man,wind,open,tour,Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.,粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。,Free morphemes are all,roots/free roots,which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words.,自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。,Bound morphemes consist of either,roots(bound roots)or affixes.,粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。,e.g.,bound r,oot:-dict-,-ced-,affix:-ion,-ist,-ic,A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.,-ced-,是词根，接近，,ante-,是前缀，在,前，,-ent,是后缀，人，物，,Derivational vs.inflectional,morphemes,派生语素与,屈折语素,Derivational morphemes,are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme.In English derivatives,and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.,派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。,Inflectional morphemes,indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.,屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。,Whats the difference between them?,Inflectional,Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem.(workwork,s,),Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence.(grammatical meaning),Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.,Occurs at margins of words.(radioradio,s,),Derivational,Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.(like-,dis,like,sleep,a,sleep),Indicates semantic relations within the word.,(specific lexical meaning,，,e.g.,un,-),Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes,Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.,Content/lexical vs.grammatical morphemes,实义语素与语法语素,Lexical,词汇,/content,实义,morphemes,are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words(,blackbird,is coined on the basis of 2 lexical morphemes:,black and bird,.),and derivational morphemes such as,ship,-ize,.,Grammatical morphemes,function primarily as grammatical markers.They encompass both inflectional affixes(-books)and free morphemes(in,and,do,have,theyfunctional words),3.4 Identifying Morphemes,How to identify morphemes?,They should be identifiable by their forms,meaning and distribution.,e.g.,mono-morphemic,:sky,double-m