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第 一 节 名 词 性 从 句 1.(2013湖南，28)Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell _ close you may be to victory. A. how B. that C. which D. where 【解析】B句意：不要让任何失败使你一蹶不振，因为你永远不能说你离胜利有多近。how修饰close，引导宾语从句，其他连接词不符合。 2.(2013山东，28)_ I have to give a speech, I get extremely nervous before I start. A. Whatever B. Whenever C. Whoever D. However 【解析】B句意：无论我何时作演讲，在开始前我都极其紧张。whenever引导让步状语从句，其他连词不符合。 3.(2013陕西，20)It remains to be seen _ the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice. A. that B. which C. what D. whether 【解析】D句意：新成立的委员会的政策是否能付诸实践还有待于看。whether引导名词性从句作主语。 4.(2013安徽，21)From space, the earth looks blue. This is _ about seventyone percent of its surface is covered by water. A. why B. how C. because D. whether 【解析】C句意：从太空看去，地球是蓝色的，这是因为地球大约71%的表面覆盖着水。because引导表语从句，表示原因。 5.(2013浙江，16)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. A. how B. that C. which D. whether 【解析】B句意：最高层面成功的唯一办法是拥有全部的信念：你比运动场上其他人都要好。that引导同位语从句，解释说明belief的内容。 6.(2013江西，30)_ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it. A. Whoever B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Wherever 【解析】C句意：无论你们哪一个打坏了窗户都要出钱赔偿。whichever引导名词性从句作主语，表示“无论哪一个”。 7.(2012天津，9)It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park. A. whether B. how C. if D. when 【解析】A句意：你在十字路口往右拐还是往左拐都无关紧要两条路都通往公园。根据题意及or可知此处用whetheror(是还是)。if一般不引导主语从句。 8.(2012福建，35)We promise _ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 【解析】C句意：我们许诺给参加聚会的人一个同电影明星照相的机会。whoever相当于anyone who，强调任何一个人，比who更符合题意。故C项正确。 9.(2012辽宁，34)The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for _ he could find about Mark Twain. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever 【解析】C句意：这个新来的人前几天到图书馆去寻找他能找到的关于马克吐温的东西。空格处需引导宾语从句作介词for的宾语，同时要作find的宾语，故排除A和B选项；然后根据句意表示“无论什么东西”，故选C。 10.(2012山东，25)It doesnt matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. A. how B. whether C. what D. why 【解析】B句意：在这家商店你用现金支付还是刷卡都可以。本题为常见的“It doesnt matter 主语从句”句型，从句不缺名词性成分，故排除C，由whetheror搭配可知选B。 11.(2012安徽，27)The limits of a persons intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. A. where B. whether C. that D. why 【解析】B句意：一般说来，一个人的智力极限在出生时就决定了，但是他是否能达到这些极限将取决于他的环境。分析but后的分句句意可知，该主语从句中不缺少成分，且要表达“是否”之意，故用whether；where在主语从句中作地点状语；that引导主语从句时没有具体意思，不作成分只起连接作用；why在主语从句中作原因状语。根据题意选B。 12.(2012北京，24)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently. A. why B. how C. that D. whether 【解析】C本题句意：杰里不后悔所给出的评论，但感觉本来可以用不同的方式表达。从句中不缺少任何成分，句意完整，故选C。A和B在句中作状语，whether意为“是否”。 13.(2012全国新课标，24)It is by no means clear _ the president can do to end the strike. A. how B. which C. that D. what 【解析】D本题考查主语从句。句意：根本不清楚总统能做什么来结束罢工。根据题干内容可知，what引导主语从句并在其中作动词do的宾语，符合题意；how在句中作方式状语；which意为“哪一个，哪一些”；that引导名词性从句时不作成分，均不符合语境，故排除。 14.(2012陕西，20)As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best. A. whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever 【解析】B本题考查宾语从句。句意：提供给你多达5门课程，你可以自由选择最适合你的课程。宾语从句中缺少主语，故排除C、D两项。因为前面已提到有5门课程，是有范围的，故用whichever，而whatever是没有范围的，不符合题意。 15.(2012浙江，4)I made a promise to myself _ this year, my first year in high school, would be different. A. whether B. what C. that D. how 【解析】C本题考查同位语从句。句意：我自己许诺，今年，我在高中的第一年，会不平凡。本句是同位语从句，说明promise的内容。且从句中不缺少句子成分，故用that引导。 16.(2012湖南，26)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesnt matter _ you have lived there for a short or a long time. A. why B. how C. whether D. when 【解析】C句意：村子里的人都很友好，所以你住在那里时间长还是短都没关系。it是形式主语，真正的主语是whether引导的名词性从句。 17.(2011江苏，26)It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner. A. that B. how C. when D. why 【解析】D句意：那个人为什么没有早报告这起交通事故的原因还不清楚。分析结构可知，it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的从句。又由句意可知此处主语从句用why引导，故D项正确。 18.(2011湖南，31)Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is. A. what B. that C. which D. why 【解析】A句意：在一个问题被解决之前，必须弄清问题本身是什么。在it must be obvious the problem itself is这一句中，it为形式主语，_ the problem itself is是真正的主语从句，从句缺少表语，故用what引导。 考点一：主语从句在复合句中作主语，常见的引导词有：连接代词what，who，which等；连接副词when，why，how，where；连接词that，whether。What young people see and hear in the media helps them to figure out how the world works.1that引导的主语从句也可用“it”作形式主语，将从句放在句末。如：That light travels in straight lines is known to us all.Its known to us all that light travels in straight lines.光沿着直线运行，这是众所周知的。 2wh引导的主语从句。如：Where we will go hasnt been decided.我们要去哪儿还没有定下来。 3it作形式主语的几个重要句型结构(1)It is/was名词that从句It is a pity that she didnt come to the party.可惜她没来参加聚会。可用于此句型的名词还有：shame，wonder，fact，honor，question等。 (2)It is/wasadj.that从句It is certain that he will pass the final examination.他肯定能通过期末考试。可用于此句型的形容词还有uncertain，sure，doubt，clear，better，important，necessary，possible，likely等，这类主语从句中，谓语动词多用“should动词原形”或省去should，只用动词原形。如：It is necessary that we(should) have a good knowledge of basic English.我们掌握好英语基础知识是必要的。 (3)It is/was过去分词that从句It is said/reported/thought/believed意为“据说/报道/认为/相信”(4)It不及物动词that从句It seems/happens/appears/turns out/doesnt matterthatIt seems that he has known the secret.他似乎已经知道了那个秘密。 考点二：表语从句在复合句中系动词之后的从句叫表语从句。引导词有连接词：that，whether；连接代词：what，who等；连接副词：when，where，why，how。After ten years absence she came back, only to find her old house was not what it used to be.1that引导的表语从句中，that不能省略，如：The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们没有赢得比赛。 2主语是reason时，表语从句常用that引导，而不用because。如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.他迟到的原因是错过了公交车。3as if，because，as有时也可以引导表语从句。如：Things were not as they seemed to be.情况并不是看上去的那个样子。It looks as if it were going to rain.天看起来像要下雨似的。 考点三：宾语从句在复合句中作动词和介词的宾语的句子叫宾语从句。引导词有连接词：that，whether，if；连接副词：when，where，why，how等；连接代词：what，who，whose等。Tom eagerly finished up what was left of the chicken pie. 1that引导宾语从句时，that一般可省，但由and/but连接的两个that宾语从句时，第一个that可省，第二个that不可省。如：He said(that) the meeting was very important and that we should attend it.他说会议很重要并要求我们参加。 2宾语从句中的时态问题：如果主句是一般现在时，从句可以用它所需要的任何时态；如果主句不是一般现在时，主、从句时态上要一致；表示客观事实、真理的从句一般用现在时。如：You cant imagine how excited they were when they received these nice presents.你想象不到当他们收到这么好的礼物时是多么激动。Our teacher told us the earth is running around the sun.我们老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。 3宾语从句中使用陈述语序。如：Can you tell me what is the matter with you?你能告诉我你怎么了吗？Can you tell me what the problem is?你能告诉我有什么问题吗？ 4接双宾语的动词宾语的从句，句前要有间接宾语；接复合宾语的动词的宾语从句，从句后有宾补，要使用形式宾语it，将从句放到宾补之后。如：He never told me what I should do.他从未告诉我该做什么。I thought it was strange that he failed to call me.我觉得奇怪的是他没打电话给我。 5形容词后的宾语从句be aware/certain/afraid/confident/anxious/doubtful thatI am confident that I can get the job.我有信心我可以得到这份工作。 6在动词think，believe，guess，suppose，be sure，be afraid等词之后的宾语从句，主句的否定是从句否定的转移，主句为第一人称，反意疑问句要依照宾语从句的人称、时态提问。如：I dont think you are right，are you？(不可能是I dont think you are right，do I? I dont think只是起缓和语气的作用，主要意思在从句上。) 7宾语从句的其他要点(1)除少数介词( except，but，in)外，that引导的从句一般不直接作介词的宾语。如果作其他介词的宾语，需用it作形式宾语，而把that从句后置。I know nothing about my new neighbour except that he used to work in a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知。You may depend on it that I shall always help you.请你相信我，我总会帮助你的。 (2)动词doubt用在疑问句或否定句时，其后的宾语从句常用that作连接词；用在肯定句时，连词用whether或if。I dont doubt that our team will win.我相信我们队会获胜是没有疑问的。I doubt whether/if he is at home.我怀疑他是否在家。 考点四：同位语从句在名词的后面，对前面的名词进行解释、说明的从句叫同位语从句。引导词主要是连接词that，间或用why，where等。There is much chance that Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.同位语从句前面的名词往往是需要进一步解释说明其具体内容的。 如：news，fact，idea，hope，wish，promise，reason，doubt，belief，suggestion，advice，question，probability等。There is a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO isnot ever.我有一种感觉：我们永远不会知道，以前也不知道，什么是不明飞行物。 考点五：名词性从句的其他要点1连接词的选择从下表可以看出，连接词的选择主要是依据其意义和在从句中的成分而决定的。另外，that只有在动词宾语从句中可以省略，其他从句中一般不能省略。 2.whether和if在名词性从句中的区别(1)引导宾语从句一般可以通用，但介词后只用whether。(2)引导主语从句时，if不能用于句首。但it作形式主语时，whether和if均可引导主语从句。如：Whether we will attend the lecture has not been decided.我们是否将参加那个演讲还没确定。Its still uncertain whether/if he is coming.他是否会来还没确定。 (3)非肯定主句的宾语从句连接词用whether/if，肯定的主句则只能用that引导。sb. doubt/be not sure/be uncertain/be doubtful whether/ifsb. doesnt doubt/be sure/be certain/be not doubtful that如：I doubt whether/if he will come and help us tomorrow.We dont doubt that they can complete the task ahead of time. 3名词性关系从句名词性关系从句实际上是先行词与其后的定语从句的结合。what是最常用的引导名词性关系从句的关系代词，此时whatthe thing(s) which/that，有时what可以用作前置定语，如what help，what funny stories等。此外，whoeveranyone who；whicheveranyone/anything that(whichever也可指人)；whateveranything that(whichever和whatever也可作定语)。有时wherethe place where和whenthe time when也可以用来引导名词性关系从句。 (1)主语从句。如：What (The thing which/that) they need is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好课本。Whichever book (Any book that) he bought would be paid for.无论他买了哪一本书都要(替他)付款。 (2)宾语从句。如：We shall not forget when(the time when) the meeting will open.我们不会忘记开会的时间。She will give whoever(anyone who) needs help a warm support.凡是需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 She walked up to where(the place where)he stood.她走到他站着的地方。(作介词宾语)I can judge by what(the things that)I know of him.我可以根据我对他的了解来判断。(作介词宾语)You can write about whatever topic(any topic that) you prefer.你可以写你喜欢写的任何题目。(作介词宾语) (3)表语从句。如：This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient.明天是最方便的时候。(4)同位语从句。如：I gave the girl a big doll，exactly what she longed to have.我给了这个女孩一个大洋娃娃，那正是她渴望拥有的东西。 (5)名词性关系从句还可以作宾语补足语。如：He has made the company what it is today.他把公司办成了今天这个样子。 4名词性从句的几个难点(1) whever与no matter wh的用法区别whever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句；而no matter wh只能引导让步状语从句。如：Whatever I said, he wouldnt listen to me.No matter what I said，he wouldnt listen to me.无论我说什么，他都不会听我的。(让步状语从句)He would believe whatever I said.我说什么他都信。(宾语从句) (2)that引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别连词that引导同位语从句时，应该在某些抽象名词之后，如：fact，hope，desire，thought等，对前面的名词起补充说明的作用，连词that只起引导同位语从句的作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，因此that引导的同位语从句是完整的，不缺任何成分。 关系代词that引导定语从句时，关系代词that一方面起引导定语从句的作用；另一方面，that在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。因此，that引导的定语从句是残缺的。如：The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.(同位语从句，不缺任何成分)The news(that) we heard on the radio was not true.(定语从句，缺少宾语)
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