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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,有机化合物的命名,系统命名,IUPAC names (systematic names),俗名法,trivial names (popular names),国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会,IUPAC:,International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,Nomenclature of Organic Compounds,有机化合物的命名,系统命名,IUPAC names (systematic names),CCS,命名法,-,中文系统命名法,CCS -Chinese Chemical Society, CCS,以,IUPAC,基本原则为准则，结合中文特点稍有不同,.,不含官能团化合物,Nonfunctional Compounds,1,烃类,-,（烷烃, Alkane,烯烃, Alkene,炔烃,Alkyne,）,2,单环化合物（,Monocyclic compounds,）,官能团化合物,Functional compounds,有机化合物的命名,1,烃类,-,（烷烃, Alkane,烯烃, Alkene,炔烃,Alkyne,）,Alk,ane,烷烃，链烷,Alk,ene,烯烃，链烯,Alk,yne,炔烃,烷烃命名,Alk,ane,十二,十一,十,九,Number,octa,-,八,hepta,-,七,hexa,-,六,penta,-,五,Prefix,Number,tetra-,四,tri-,三,di,-,二,mono-,一,Prefix,Number,dodeca,-,undeca,-,deca,-,nona,-,Prefix,希腊前缀,prefix,十三,trideca,十七,heptadeca,十四,tetradeca,十八,octadeca,十五,pentadeca,十九,nonadeca,十六,hexadeca,二十,icosa,链烷烃命名,(The names of linear,alkanes,),CH,4,Meth,ane,C,8,H,18,Oct,ane,C,15,H,32,pentadec,ane,C,2,H,6,Eth,ane,C,9,H,20,Non,ane,C,16,H,34,hexadec,ane,C,3,H,8,Prop,ane,C,10,H,22,Dec,ane,C,17,H,36,heptadec,ane,C,4,H,10,But,ane,C,11,H,24,Undec,ane,C,18,H,38,octadec,ane,C,5,H,12,Pent,ane,C,12,H,26,Dodec,ane,C,19,H,40,nonadec,ane,C,6,H,14,Hex,ane,C,13,H,28,Tridec,ane,C,20,H,42,icos,ane,C,7,H,16,Hept,ane,C,14,H,30,Tetradec,ane,Names of continuous-chain alkanes(C,1,-C,20,),后缀,Suffix,-,ane,烯烃的命名（,Alk,ene,）,-,ene,（,Suffix,）,IUPAC names,：,Ethene,propene,butene,Trivial name:,eth,yl,ene prop,yl,ene,but,yl,ene,如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置,give position of C=C,烯烃的命名（,Alkene,）,C,8,H,18,Oct,ene,C,15,H,32,pentadec,ene,C,2,H,6,Eth,ene,C,9,H,20,Non,ene,C,16,H,34,hexadec,ene,C,3,H,8,Prop,ene,C,10,H,22,Dec,ene,C,17,H,36,heptadec,ene,C,4,H,10,But,ene,C,11,H,24,Undec,ene,C,18,H,38,octadec,ene,C,5,H,12,Pent,ene,C,12,H,26,Dodec,ene,C,19,H,40,nonadec,ene,C,6,H,14,Hex,ene,C,13,H,28,Tridec,ene,C,20,H,42,icos,ene,C,7,H,16,Hept,ene,C,14,H,30,Tetradec,ene,Names of continuous-chain alkenes(C,1,-C,20,),炔烃的命名 （,Alkyne,）,-,yne,（,Suffix,）,IUPAC names,：,Ethyne,propyne,butyneIcosyne,Trivial name:,acetylene,如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置,give position of C,C,直链烃基取代基,(,substituents,),的命名,烷基,alkyl,-,alkane,Rule,:omit the suffix,“,ane,”,and add,“,yl,”,to the end of the name,(,去掉后缀,“,ane,”,加上,“,yl,”,),methyl,nonadecyl,icosyl,直链烃基取代基的命名,烯基,alkenyl,-,alkene,Rule,:,omit the last letter,“,e,”,and add,“,yl,”,to the end of the name,(,去掉最后一个字母,“,e,”,，加上后缀,“,yl,”,),ethenyl,乙烯基）,1-propenyl (,丙烯基,),trivial names,: vinyl,allyl,(,烯丙基,),直链烃基取代基的命名,炔基,alkynyl,alkyne,Rule:,omit the last letter,“,e,”,and add,“,yl,”,to the end of the name(,去掉最后一个字母,“,e,”,，加上后缀,“,yl,”,),1-propynyl,（,丙炔基）,1-pentynyl,（,戊炔基）,苯基,benzene=,phene,phenyl,（苯基）,-,benzyl,（苯甲基，苄基）,如果相同的烷基（,简单的烷基,）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：,di,-, tri-, tetra-,如果相同的烷基（,复杂的烷基,）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：,bis,-,tris,-,tetrakis,-,pentakis,-,bi,-: biphenyl,（联苯）, binuclear-,（双核）,烃基取代基的命名,支链烃的命名（,Branched-alkyl group,）,Rule i.,Choose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of,substituents,as the parent body.,规则,1,.,选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链,.,支链烃的命名,3-methylheptane,（,3-,甲基庚烷）,2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane,Rule ii.,Give the lowest position numbers for,substituents,.,规则,2,.,取代基的位置数目总和最小。,支链烃的命名,2,3,3-trimethylpentane,2,2,4-trimethylpentane,2,3,5-trimethylhexane,Ruleiii,.,Give the first listed substituent a lower position number,; the sum of the position numbers for all,sbustituents,should be as low as possible.,规则,3,.,数字较小的取代基排在前面,，表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。,支链烃的命名,支链烃的命名（,Branched-alkyl group,）,The names of the,substituents,are given in,alphabetical order,in the systematic names of organic compounds.,Except the prefixes,iso,- and neo-, the other prefixes, such as,di,-, tri-,sec,-,tert,- are not involved in alphabetical listing.,支链烃的命名,2,3,5-trichlorohexane,Not 2,4,5-trichlorohexane,2,7,8-trimethyldecane,Not 3,4,9-trimethyldecane,烃基取代基的命名,如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀,iso,-,neo,-, sec-,tert,-,表示,n-,normal (,正）,iso,-,isomeric (,异）,tert,-,tertiary(,叔）,烃基取代基的命名,neo,-,neos,(,新,),sec-,secondary,(,仲）,烃基取代基的命名,sec-,（仲）,tert,-,（叔）只用于丁基：,sec-butyl,tert,-butyl,iso,-,（异）, neo-,（新） 既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基,的命名。,isobutyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentane,烃基取代基的命名,Exercises:,2-methylpentane,5-,ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane,2,2-dimethyl-,5-,ethyloctane,4-,sec,-butyl-3-methylnonane,（壬烷）,3-methyl-4-,sec,-butylnonane,5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane,（癸烷）,4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane,3-propyl-1,3,5-,hexa,triene,4,4-bis(,tert,-butyl)-2-methyloctane,（叔丁基）,5-,sec,-butylnonane,仲丁基,5-(2-butyl)nonane,5-2,-butylnonane,2-methyl-4,4-bis(,tert,-butyl)octane,4,4-bis(,tert,-butyl)-2-methyloctane,（叔丁基）,4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,3-,acetylenyl,-1,5-hex,a,diene,3-vinyl-,4-,propyl-1,3-hex,a,dien-5-yne,2,单环化合物（,Monocyclic compounds,）的命名,命名规则：,环烷烃,cyclo,+,alkane,cyclo,+ alkyl,环烯烃,cyclo,+,alkene,cyclo,+,alkenyl,环炔烃,cyclo,+,alkyne,cyclo,+,alkynyl,cyclohexane,cyclohexene,monocyclic compounds,cyclo,+ the name of,alkane,cyclopropane,cyclopentane,cyclohexane,monosubstituted,:,chlorocyclohexane,methylcyclopentane,multisubstituted,:,Give the functional group the,lowestposition,number. The sum of position numbers for all,substituents,should be as low as possible.,cyclopentylcyclohexane,trans,-1-ethyl-,4-methylcyclohexane,5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane,环烷烃,环烯烃,1,3,cyclohexadiene,3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene,支链取代基的命名,xylene,o,m,p,-,benzene,toluene,芳香化合物,Arometic,compounds,邻位,-,ortho,间位,-meta,对位,-,para,mesitylene,styrene,单取代苯,Monosubstituted,benzenes,nitrobenzene,ethylbenzene,chlorobenzene,aniline,cyanobenzene,phenol,一些重要的取代基,Other important substituents,hydroxy-,alkoxy,-,(C,1,-C,4,methoxy,ethoxy,Propoxy,butoxy,;, C,5,pentyloxy,decyl,oxy),phenoxy,mercapto,(,巯基）,Alkylthio,amino,formyl,cyano,nitro,nitrosyl,acetyl,oxo,Alkanoyl,(,acyl，hexanoyl,）,C,1,-C,5,酰基（,acyl,）俗名,:,formyl, acetyl,propionyl,butyryl,valeryl,benzoyl,3-,oxobutyric,acid,benzoic acid,o,-(ethylthio)phenol,多取代的芳香化合物,Multisubstituented,aromatic compounds,p,-acetylbenzoic,acid,o,-hydroxybenzoic,acid,m-sec,-butyl,（仲丁基）,chlorobenzene,p,-bromomethoxy,benzene,3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexene,p,-ethyltoluene,m,-methylaniline,o,-cyanophenol,perfluorobenzene,o,-xylene,phthalic,acid,
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