人工装配线课件

Body text,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Slide Title,Chapter 17:Manual Assembly Lines,人工,裝配線,Instructor：,劉天倫 老師,Chapter 17:Manual Assembly Li,Introduction,Classification,分類,Type III M,Favoring factors(characteristics),採用的因素,(,特性,),Demand is high or medium.,需求是高或中等的,Products are identical or similar.,產品相同或相似,The process can be divided into small work elements.,過程可能被分成小的工作項目,Technologically impossible or economically infeasible.,技術上不可能或在經濟上不可行,IntroductionClassification分類,Introduction,Why is it productive?,為什麼它是有生產力的？,Specialization of labor,勞工的專業化,Learning curve,學習曲線,Interchangeable parts,可互換零件,Work principle,工作,原則,Applied to make smooth material handling,可應用來達到平順,的物料處理,Line pacing,生產線步調,Maintain production rate by a mechanized conveyor.,透過機械化的輸送裝置保持生產率,IntroductionWhy is it producti,17.1 Fundamentals of Manual Assembly Lines,人工,裝配線的基礎,Figure 17.1(,圖,17.1),Assembly,workstations,組裝,工作站,Workers stand or sit.,工人站或坐,Average manning level,平均人工化水準,w,u,:number of,utility workers,w,i,:number of workers assigned to station i,Utility workers,Helping workers,Relieving workers,Maintenance,17.1 Fundamentals of Manual,17.1.2 Work Transport Systems,工件運輸系統,Manual methods of work transport,人工方法的工件運輸,Starving and blocking,buffers,缺料和阻擋現象,緩衝區,Mechanized work transport,機械化的工作運輸,Continuous transport,連續的運輸,Work units may be fixed or removable,工件可能是固定的或可移動的,例如輸送帶,(,汽車或電子產品,),Synchronous transport,同步運輸,Move simultaneously,同時移動,(,例如轉盤,),Asynchronous transport,非同步運輸,Move independently,、,Small queues,獨立移動、小量等候,17.1.2 Work Transport Systems,17.1.2 Work Transport Systems,工件運輸系統,Mechanized work transport,機械化的工作運輸,17.1.2 Work Transport Systems,17.1.3 Line Pacing 生產線步調,Rigid pacing,硬性步調,固定時間完成工作,Pacing with margin,有範圍的步調,Allowing queues,允許等候線,Designing the station to be longer length,設計工作站有較長的輸送帶長度,For fixed work unit with continuous moving.,Allowing to move beyond the boundaries,允許在邊界以外移動,No pacing,無步調,No time limit,沒有時間限制,Manual transport,removable work unit or asynchronous conveyor.,人,工運輸、可移動的工件或非同步輸送帶,Motivating workers to achieve a certain pace.,激勵工人達到一定,步調,17.1.3 Line Pacing 生產線步調Rigid,17.1.4 Coping with Product Variety,對應於,產品種類,Single model,單一模型,No variety,Batch model,批量模型,Hard variety,Mixed model,混合模型,Soft variety,Vs.batch model,No production time lost,沒有生產時間浪費,Lower inventories,較低的存貨,Adjustable production rate,可調整的生產率,Line balancing problem,生產,線平衡問題,difficult scheduling and logistics,困,難的排程和運籌,17.1.4 Coping with Product Var,17.3 Design for Assembly(DFA),為方便組裝,的設計,During product design:,在產品設計階段,Fewer parts,更少的零件,Easy to assembly.,容易組裝,General principles,一般通則,Use the fewest number of parts possible,儘可能的使用最少的零件數量,Combine functions,結合功能,Reduce the number of threaded fasteners,減少螺紋緊固件的數量,Standardize fasteners,使緊固件標準化,Less inventory and distinguish,較少存貨和辨識工作,Reduce parts orientation difficulties,降低零件定向困難,Symmetrical features,對稱的特徵,Avoid parts that tangle,避開纏結的零件,Less hooks,holes,etc.,較少鉤，洞等等,17.3 Design for Assembly(DFA),17.4 Analysis of Single Model Assembly Lines,單一模型裝配線的分析,Required,production rate,(unit/hr),所,需生產率,(,單位,/,小時,),D,a,:Annual demand,每年需求,plant operates 50 wk/yr,工廠一年運作,50,週,S:,每週班次,H:,每班次工作時數,Cycle time,週期時間,(min/cycle),and cycle rate,週期率,(cycles/hr,對於生產線而言,),(E=0.90.98),E:line efficiency(uptime proportion),生產線效率,(,正常運作時間比例,),Work content time(T,wc,),工作內容時間,The total time of all work elements to make one product.,製造一種產品的全部工作項目的總時間,17.4 Analysis of Single Model,17.4 Analysis of Single Model Assembly Lines,(,Hourly)Workload,(,每小時,),工作量,Minimum number of workers,至少工人的數量,Theoretical formula because of:,此乃,理論公式因為,Repositioning losses:,重新定位之損失,E.g.workers walk from the ending position to the starting position.,The line balancing problem,生產,線平衡問題,Task time variability,工作,時間變化性,Quality problem,品,質問題,17.4 Analysis of Single Model,17.4.1 Repositioning losses.,重新定位的損失,Maximum,allowable,service time,(T,s,),最大的可允許的服務時間,T,r:,repositioning time,Figure 17.4,Repositioning,efficiency,重新定位效率,17.4.1 Repositioning losses.,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Problem,生產,線平衡問題,Assigning the individual work elements to workstations so that all workers have an equal amount of work.,把個別的工作項目分發到工作站，以便全部工人有相等的工作量。,Concepts,概念,Minimum rational work elements,最小合理的工作項目,Precedence constraints,先後順序,限制條件,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Prob,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Problem,Minimum rational work elements,最小合理的工作項目,A small amount of work having a specific limited objective(required time:T,ek,),n,e,：number of work elements,工作項目的數量,The task time at station I,在工作站,i,的工作時間,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Prob,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Problem,Precedence constraints,先後順序,限制條件,Restrictions on the order of the work elements.,對工作項目順序上的限制,E.g.drilling a hole before fastening a screw,例如固定一個螺絲之前需先鑽一個孔,Precedence diagram(,先行圖),17.4.2 The Line Balancing Prob,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Problem,Example 17.1,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Prob,Example 17.1,Example 17.1,17.4.2 The Line Balancing Problem,Measures of line balance efficiency,生產線平衡效率的測量,where T,s,=max T,si,E,b,=0.9 0.95,