SPC的知识及技巧

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,#,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,#,统计技术流程控制,Statistical Process Control for Operators,惠亚集团,SPC,课程,A Workshop from Our Worldwide SPC Curriculum,Welcome,欢迎,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,2,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,培训目,的,的,TrainingGoal,目的-助你获,得,得SPC的知识,及,及技巧,OurGoal,-,-,Tohelp yougain relevant SPCknowledge,&,&skills.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,3,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,什么是SPC及SPC的益处,What is SPCandbenefits,.,.,数据的,收,收集及,测,测量,Data collectionand measurement.,使用反,应,应计划,解,解决问,题,题,Troubleshootingusingreactionplans,流程的,稳,稳定&能力(CP和CPK,),),Process StabilityandCapability.,(,(CPand CPK),培训内,容,容,TrainingAgenda,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,4,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,什么是SPC,?,?,What is SPC?,利用统,计,计技术,如,如控制,图,图去分,析,析流程,或,或其产,物,物,以采取,适,适当的,行,行动去,达,达致及,维,维持一,个,个受统,计,计技术,控,控制的,状,状态以,及,及改善,流,流程能,力,力.,Theuse ofstatisticaltechniques suchascontrolchartstoanalyzeaprocessoritsoutputssoastotake appropriate actionstoachieveandmaintainastateofstatisticalcontrolandtoimprovetheprocesscapability.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,5,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Outofcontrol,失控,Trends,趋势,Shifts,偏移,Control Chart,控制图,统计技术,Statistical,流程,Process,控制,Control,LCL,UCL,什么是SPC,?,?,What is SPC?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,6,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Measurement测量,CauseEffectDiagram,因果图,（,（鱼骨,图,图）,Effect,果,Machine,机,Environment,环境,Man,人,Material,物料,Methods,方法,Cause,因,什么是SPC,?,?,What is SPC?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,7,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,ParetoDiagram,柏拉图,Defectives,Scratch,Plughole,Open,Short,什么是SPC,?,?,What is SPC?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,8,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,DetermineKey ProductCharacteristics,介定关,键,键的产,品,品特性,DetermineKey Variables,介定关,键,键的变,量,量,Plan theMatrixofValidationTests,计划确,认,认测试,的,的矩阵,DOE,实验设,计,计,什么是SPC,?,?,What is SPC?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,9,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Function affected,被影响的功能,Potential Failure mode,潜在缺陷模式,- Potential Effect,潜在影响,- Potential Cause,潜在原因,- Design Control,设计控制,Action Plan,行动计划,Result,结果,FMEA,缺陷模式与后果分析,什么是SPC,?,?,What is SPC?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,10,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,什么是SPC,?,?,What is SPC?,SPC数据=流程的,声,声音,SPCdata,=,= thevoiceoftheprocess!,统计技,术,术,Statistical,收集及,整,整理数,字,字化的,事,事实数,据,据,Collection &arrangementofnumerical facts.,Data!,控制,Control,预防,预测,监管,Prevention.Prediction.Regulation.,流程,Process,执行一,件,件工作,的,的一连,串,串步骤,Seriesofsteps,toperform atask,是否一,组,组图表?,Isita setofcharts,?,?,是否一,个,个警告,系,系统?,Isita warningsystem?,是否一,个,个预防,性,性方法?,Isita preventivemethod?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,11,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,使用SPC目的,UsingSPCObjectives,我们的SPC目的是,为,为你提,供,供一个,有,有利于,持,持续改,善,善的工,具,具:,OurSPC objectivesistoprovideyouwitha toolfor continualimprovementthat helps to:,将流程,变,变异减,致,致最少,minimizeprocess variation.,消除流,程,程的错,败,败,eliminatefailuresinour processes.,将产品,能,能力尽,量,量提升,maximizeproduct capability,.,.,加强客,户,户满意,程,程度,increasecustomersatisfaction,.,.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,12,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,SPC价值,SPCValue,少报废,Less scarp,少返工,Less rework,少停机,Less downtime,更佳利,润,润,Betterprofit,更佳市,场,场信誉,Good reputationinmarketplace,!,!,惠亚集,团,团,Viasystems Group,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,13,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,SPC价值,SPCValue,更佳产,品,品质量,Betterqualityproduct,更多可,靠,靠产品,More reliable delivery,可以信,赖,赖的供,应,应商,A supplier theycan count on,客户,Customers,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,14,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,SPC价值,SPCValue,少挫败,感,感及无,聊,聊时间,Less frustration &downtime,更能控,制,制工作,More control,更能对,流,流程及,产,产品问,题,题作正,确,确决定,Ability to makethe right decision about,process of productproblems,能生产,更,更优值,的,的产品,Betterproductcomingfromtheare infrontofme,你,You,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,15,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,SPC如何帮,忙,忙?,HowSPC CanHelp,生产中,DuringProduction,发生问,题,题时(特别成,因,因)SPC数据会,发,发出讯,号,号,SPCdatasend asignal thatthere,sa problem,(,(specialcause,),).,我们采,取,取纠正,行,行动防,止,止问题,Wetakecorrective actiontoprevent defects,.,.,将来,Forthe Future,SPC数据提,供,供一个,流,流程变,异,异的历,史,史记录,SPCdataprovide ahistoryofthevariation in theprocess.,我们改,善,善流程,以,以减少,一,一般原,因,因导致,的,的变异,Weimprove theprocesstoreducecommon cause variation.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,16,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,统计技,术,术及控,制,制图,Statistics andControl Charts,如何运用统计技术于控制图,?,How do we use these statistics on control charts?,收集数据,-,数目或量度某物,Collect data - count or measure something.,于控制图上画上数值,Plot the data on the control chart.,或,.,OR . . .,计算统计数值于控制图上画上数值,Calculate a statistic and plot the statistic on the,chart.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,17,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,什么数,据,据需要,收,收集?,Whatdata do we need,?,?,为什么,需,需要收,集,集数据?,Whydoweneed to collectdata?,如何得,到,到数据?,Howwill we getthedata?,何时收,集,集数据;多久收,集,集一次?,Whendowecollect it;howoften,?,?,流程中,哪,哪处收,集,集数据?,Whereintheprocessdowegetthe data,?,?,谁收集,数,数据?,Whocollectsthedata?,收集数据,Collect data,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,18,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,什么数,据,据需要,收,收集?,What datadowecollect?,收集数据,Collect data,客户要求,:,功能,;,外观,Customer,Requirements,Functional Aesthetic,产品特性,Product Features,流程变数,Process Variables,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,19,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,为什么,需,需要收,集,集数据?,Whyshould we collectthe data,?,?,收集数据,Collect data,监控变,异,异,Tomonitor variation.,尽早指,出,出流程,问,问题,Toidentifyprocess problems as early as possible.,为什么?,Why,?,?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,20,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,如何收,集,集数据?,Howdowecollectthedata?,如何?,How,?,?,收集数,据,据,Collect data,我们需,要,要一个,测,测量系,统,统,Weneed ameasurementsystem.,方法-技巧,工具,经培训,的,的员工,Method-technique, tool, trainedpeople,记录-数据收,集,集表格,表达数,据,据的格,式,式(即控制,图,图),Record-data collectionsheet, formattopresent data,(,(i,.,.e., controlchart,),),计划-负责人,收集数,据,据地点,频率,时间,Plan-who, where,howoften, when,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,21,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,何时及,何,何处收,集,集数据?,When &wheredoweget thedata?,那一个,比,比较好?,Whichisbetter,?,?,流程中,作,作测量,Measure on-line,最后检,查,查,Inspect at end,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,22,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,何时收,集,集数据?,When do we collectthe data,?,?,流程中,作,作测量,Measure On-line, DuringtheProcess,SPC,SPC,预防性,Prevention focus,避免浪,费,费,Avoidswaste,提供质,量,量一致,的,的产品,Deliversconsistent products,减少变,量,量,Reduces variation,主动性,Proactive,于流程,终,终点作,检,检查,Inspect Productatthe EndoftheProcess,检查,Inspection,侦察性,Detectionfocus,容忍浪,费,费,Tolerateswaste,返工,Reworks products,容忍变,异,异,Toleratesvariation,被动性,Reactive,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,23,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,数据的,种,种类,TypesofData,计量的,Variables,可用连,续,续性的,单,单位,Measure on acontinuousscale,可以是,流,流程或,量,量度的,特,特性,Foraprocess or product,例子:,Examples:,线宽,line width,板料厚,度,度,lamination thickness,计数的,Attributes,数量,等级,类别,Count,grade, categorize,不能量,度,度的,Can,tmeasure it,一般是,产,产品特,性,性,Usually fora product,例子:,Examples:,坏品百,分,分比,% defectiveparts,甩货百,分,分比,% orderslate,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,24,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,控制图,种,种类,TypesofControl Charts,计量控,制,制图,VariablesCharts,用于连,续,续单位,的,的量度,Fordatawegetbymeasuring on acontinuousscale.,例子,Examples,温度,temperature,线宽,circuit width,厚度,pinheight,分别监,察,察两组,统,统计数,值,值的三,对,对控制,图,图,Threepairsofchartsthatmonitor twostatistics,.,平均及,范,范围(X-R),Average &R(averageandrange,),),平均及,标,标准差(X-S),Average &S(averageandstandarddeviation),个别值,移,移动范,围,围(X-MR),X &MR(individualsand movingrange),SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,25,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,计数控,制,制图,AttributeCharts,用于数,量,量等级,或,或分类,的,的数据,Fordatawegetbycounting, gradingorcategorizing things.,例子,Examples,甩货百,分,分比,# of latedeliveries,坏板百,分,分比,# of defectivecircuit boards,计数控,制,制图,AttributeCharts,NP,P,U,C,控制图,种,种类,TypesofControl Charts,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,26,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,规格,Specifications,客户,供应商,或,或内部,工,工程要,求,求,Customer,supplierorinternalengineeringrequirements,包括:,Include:,目标或,中,中间值(最理想,的,的),targetornominalvalue,(,(the ideal!),在目标,值,值两旁,可,可接受,的,的变异,allowablevariation on eitherside of thetargetvalue,规格上,限,限=目标值+可接爱,的,的变异,USL,=,=target,+,+allowablevariation,规格下,限,限=目标值-可接受,的,的变异,LSL,=,=target,-,-allowablevariation,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,27,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,例子-酸浓度,Example -,-,- AcidConcentration,规格是130克/升+/-30克升,Specification is 130grams/liter,+,+/-30grams,/,/liter,规格上,限,限=目标值+可接受,的,的变量,USL,=,=target,+,+allowablevariation,130,+,+30,=,= 160,规格下,限,限=目标值-可接受,的,的变异,LSL,=,=target,-,-allowablevariation,130,-,-30,=,= 100,可接受,变,变异的,总,总值=规格上,限,限=规格下,限,限,Totalallowablevariation =USL -LSL,160,-,-100,=,=60,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,28,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,控制限-控制上,下限,Control Limits,-,-UCL, LCL,若流程,受,受到控,制,制:,Ifyour processisincontrol:,99.7%的数据,将,将会在,控,控制上,限,限及下,限,限之间.,99.7 %ofthe datapoints willbebetweentheUCL andLCL,.,.,数据没,有,有特定,的,的图样=随机的.,Data pointswill shownopattern,=,= random.,大部分,数,数据会,趋,趋向平,均,均值.,Most datapoints willbeclosetothe average,.,.,数据应,有,有一半,在,在平均,值,值以上,及,及一半,在,在以下.,Data pointsbe50/50aboveandbelowaverage.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,29,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,控制限-好处,Control Limits,-,-Benefits,减少两,个,个可能,的,的错误,Minimizestwo possible mistakes:,忽略问,题,题,Ignoringa problem,.,.,采取不,必,必要的,纠,纠正行,动,动,Takingunnecessarycorrectiveaction,.,.,曲线下,的,的出现,可,可能性,已,已知,Probabilities under thecurveareknown,.,.,有利于,预,预测和,计,计划,Good forprediction andplanning.,有利于,侦,侦察不,正,正常的,数,数据,Good forspottingweirdpatternsofpoints,.,.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,30,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,控制图,及,及标准,差,差,Control Charts,&,& Standard Deviation,使用标,准,准差决,定,定控制,上,上限及,下,下限,如钟状,曲,曲线.,TodetermineUCL &LCL,usestandarddeviation (s),-,-just likethe bellcurve,!,!,+3,s,-3,s,UCL = Average + 3s,Average,LCL = Average - 3s,-3,s,+3,s,利用变,异,异的数,值,值(标准差)去建立,变,变异的,一,一般范,围,围,(控制上,限,限及下,限,限之间,的,的范围)是否合,理,理?,Doesnt it makesensetouse ameasureofvariation,(,(standard deviation)toestablish anormal range of variation,(,(areabetween UCLandLCL)foraprocess?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,31,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,设定控,制,制限,Setting ControlLimits,Average,-3s,+3s,-2s,+2s,-1s,+1s,LCL,UCL,-3s,+3s,-2s,+2s,-1s,+1s,LCL,UCL,Average,-3s,+3s,-2s,+2s,-1s,+1s,LCL,UCL,Average,将钟状,曲,曲线转90度,Flip thebell curve on itsside.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,32,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,设定控,制,制限,Setting ControlLimits,UCL=Average +3s,LCL=Average - 3s,-3s,+3s,-,2s,+,2s,-,1s,+1s,Average,LCL,UCL,这是什,么,么意思?,What doesitall mean,?,?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,33,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,生产中,使,使用SPC,UsingSPCDuring Production,1.,收集数据,Collect data,3.,理解数据,Interpret the data,2.,在图上记录数据,Record data on chart,4,.,特别成因,Special,Cause?,6.,采取纠正行动,Take corrective action,5.,继续执行流程,Continue to,run the process,是,Yes,否,No,7.,准备文件,Document,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,34,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,使用SPC,-,-例子,UsingSPC,-,-AnExample,8,8.1,8.2,8.3,8.4,8.5,8.6,8.7,8.8,8.9,9,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,mils,是否有特别问题发生,?,Did anything special happen?,1.,收集数据,Collect data,3.,理解数据,Interpret the data,2,.,在图上记录数据,Record data on chart,4,.,特别成因,Special,Cause?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,35,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,基本控,制,制图格,式,式,BasicControl Chart Format,一般原,因,因导致,的,的变异,Commoncausevariation,特别原,因,因导致,的,的变异,Special cause variation,8,8.1,8.2,8.3,8.4,8.5,8.6,8.7,8.8,8.9,9,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,mils,UCL,LCL,Y轴-量度,y-axis,-,-scaleformeasurements,X轴-时间,X-axis,-,-time sequence,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,36,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,平均值(典形数,值,值),Average (thetypicalvalue),平均年,龄,龄=(27+27+33+46+57),5 =38岁,Average age,=,= (27+27+33+46+57),5 =38years,27,27,33,46,57,Average age,=,= 38,统计技,术,术-中间值,倾,倾向,Statistics -,-,- CentralTendency,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,37,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,统计技,术,术-分布,Statistics -,-,- Spread,范围(R),-,-最大数,字,字减最,小,小数字,Range,(,(R),-,-highestnumberminuslowest number,R=,(,(57,-,-27),=,=30岁,R =,(,(57 -27,),) =30years,幅度=30岁,Range,=,= 30 years,27,27,33,46,57,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,38,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,统计技,术,术-分布,Statistics -,-,- Spread,标准差,(S)=,个别数值与平均值相差的平方,Standard deviation (S) - How far away, on average, are the individual data values from the average age,?,S=13.2,岁,S = 13.2 years,Average = 38,11,years,11,years,19 years,8 years,5 years,27,27,33,46,57,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,39,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,例子-计数控,制,制图,Example -,-,- AttributeChart,P Chart -,-,- VAASFastechFinalInspection,Average,LCL,UCL,0,15000,30000,45000,60000,75000,90000,105000,120000,135000,150000,1,2,3,4,5,6,PPM,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,40,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,流程稳,定,定性,Process Stability,稳定的,流,流程,StableProcess,一致的,Consistent,可预测,的,的,Predictable,特别原,因,因,Nospecial causes,受控的,Incontrol,稳定性,可,可用控,制,制图量,度,度,Stabilityismeasuredusingcontrolcharts,.,.,流程可,以,以是受,控,控,但不符,合,合规格,的,的.,A processcouldbeincontrol,but notmeet specifications.,?,?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,41,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,什么是,流,流程?,What is aprocess?,完成一,件,件工作,的,的一连,串,串步骤,A seriesofstepswefollowtoaccomplisha task,.,.,步骤,Steps,成品,Outputs,输入,Inputs,?,?,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,42,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,流程的,内,内容,ThepartsofaProcess,物料,Materials,人,People,机器,/,设备,Machines,方法,Methods,环境,Environment,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,43,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,稳定,能力及,质,质量,Stability, Capability,&,&Quality,为能做,到,到优越,的,的表现,工作流,程,程必须:,Toachieve performance excellence, workprocesses mustbe,:,:,稳定,Stable,一致的,可预计,的,的,consistent,predictable,有能力,Capable,持续符,合,合规格,continuallymeetsspecifications,持续改,善,善,Continuallyimproved,惠亚集团品质政策,Viasystems Global,Quality Policy,惠亚集团承诺通过优越的表现以满足客户要求,Viasystems is committed to Customer Satisfaction through Performance Excellence.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,44,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,流程稳,定,定及能,力,力,Process Stability,&,& Capability,有能力,的,的流程,Capable Process,流程有,能,能力持,续,续的满,足,足规格,要,要求,Process hastheabilitytocontinuallymeet specifications.,流程必,须,须处于,受,受控状,态,态(统计技,术,术角度),才可被,认,认为有,能,能力,Process mustbeinstatisticalcontrolbeforeitcan be consideredcapable.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,45,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,稳定,Stability,稳定的流程,Stable process,受统计技术控制,in statistical control,无特别原因导致的变异,no special causes of variation,稳定流程的控制图,Control chart from a stable process,无超越控制上限或下限的点,no points outside UCL or LCL,无偏移或走势,no shifts or trends,流程可以说是于一定时间内受到控制,而只有一般原因导致的变异,Such a process is said to be in control over a series of time, with only common causes present.,LCL,UCL,CL,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,46,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,变异,Variation,个别成,品,品之间,不,不可避,免,免的分,别,别,Theinevitabledifferencesamongindividual outputsofaprocess.,一般原,因,因导致,的,的变异,CommonCauseVariation,正常,常见,可预计,的,的-自然的,normal, usual,expectedthings,-,-natural,特别原,因,因导致,的,的变异,Special Cause Variation,偶发性,不可预,计,计的-特定的,sporadic,unexpectedthings,-,-assignable,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,47,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,变异何,时,时何地,都,都会出,现,现,VariationisEverywhere!,物料变异,:,化学品浓度,混合比例及补料份量,不同供应商,Material Variation,: chemical concentration, mix ratios different suppliers,设备变异,:,保养时间,损耗,调校过程,Machine Variation,: maintenance schedules, wear & tear, calibration process,人为变异,:,技巧及经验,身材及体能,态度及纪律,People Variation,: skill & experience, size & strength, attitude & discipline,a,方法变异,:,程序文件,文件维持,Method Variation,: documentation of procedures, maintenance of documentation,环境变异,:,时间,天气,厂房位置,空气污染,Environmental Variation,: time, weather, location of plant, air contamination,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,48,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,变异结,果,果,ConsequencesofVariation,流程中太多一般原因导致的变异,Too much common cause variation in a process,流程中出现特别原因导致的变异,An occurrence of special cause variation in a process,影响工作,disruption in work,生产力下降,lost productivity,报废及返工,scrap and rework,甩交货期,missed delivery dates,不稳定的产品表现,variable product performance,不稳定的产量,erratic product yields,不稳定的产品特性,variations in product features,A,AA,A,AA,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,49,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Cp及Cpk值,ValueofCpandCpk,根据规,格,格评估,流,流程表,现,现.,Evaluateprocess performance againstspecs,.,.,决定流,程,程是否,能,能满足,新,新规格,要,要求.,Determineifprocesscanmeetnewspecs,.,.,根据Cpk及Cp值的距,离,离制订,改,改善目,标,标.,Setimprovementgoalbasedondistancebetween CpkandCp,.,.,评估供,应,应商.,Evaluatesuppliers,.,.,用于销,售,售过程,的,的一部,分,分.,Useaspartofsalesprocess.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,50,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Cpk,-,-量度流,程,程设定,Cpk,-,-MeasuresProcess Setting,比较流,程,程中间,值,值设定,及,及目标.,Comparessetting of processcenter (average)totarget,.,.,基本定,律,律: Cpk要求最,少,少1.33,General rule,-,-aim forCpkof1.33minimum,USL,LSL,目标,Target,流程中间值,Process Center,偏离中间值,Off Center!,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,51,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Cpk,-,-例子,CpkExamples,Cpk,良好,Good Cpk,Cpk,差,Poor Cpk,LSL,USL,LSL,USL,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,52,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Cp-,-,-量度流,程,程分布,Cp,-,- Measures ProcessSpread,比较可,接,接受变,异,异(A)及实际,变,变异(B),Compare allowablevariation,(,(B) to actualvariation,(,(A,),).,B=USL,-,-LSL,A=6标准差,A=6 standard deviations,Cp=B/A,LSL,USL,A,B,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,53,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Cp必须大,于,于1,CpShouldBeGreaterThan 1,显示于实际变异少于可接受变异,Indicates actual variation is less than allowable variation.,LSL,USL,LSL,USL,LSL,USL,Cp,大于,1,Cp greater than 1,Cp = 1,Cp,小于,1,Cp less than 1,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,54,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,Cp,-,-总结,Cp,-,- Conclusions,数值越大越好,!,The bigger the number, the better!,Cp,的缺点,-,只能显示流程分布,但不能显示是否符合规格,Deficiency of Cp - It shows only the spread of process, but not the compliance to specification,.,例子：两流程的,Cp,一样。,Example: Two processes with same Cp.,USL,LSL,Target,USL,LSL,Target,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,55,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,流程能,力,力不足,的,的两种,情,情况,TwoWaysa ProcessIsNOT Capable,1.实际流,程,程变异,超,超出可,接,接受变,异,异的总,值,值,Actualprocessvariation,(,(A -six sigma) exceedstotalallowable variation(B -spec),Target,B,A,LSL,USL,产品不符合规格,Products out of spec,产品不符合规格,Products out of spec,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,56,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,流程能,力,力不足,的,的两种,情,情况,TwoWaysa ProcessIsNOT Capable,2.如流程,表,表现不,足,足处于,规,规格的,中,中间位,置,置,并其中,一,一边的,控制限,超,超越规,格,格限.,Ifprocess is notcenteredproperlyandone of thecontrol limitsexceeds thespec limit.,LSL,USL,LCL,UCL,Target,Average,产品不能符合规格,Products out of spec!,产品不是最佳,Products not the best.,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,57,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,若流程,能,能力不,足,足如何,办,办?,What if aprocessisn,tcapable?,流程需,要,要改善,Theprocessneedsimprovement!,首先,采取改,善,善行动,减少变,异,异,然后,按目标,值,值将流,程,程表现,调,调至中,间,间值.,First,takeactiontoreduce thevariation,.,. Then, centertheprocessover thetarget,.,.,表现不良,Bad news!,表现改善,Getting better,进一步改善,Much better,USL,LSL,Target,USL,LSL,Target,USL,LSL,Target,SPCfor Operators,-,- Version2.1 Mar.10,2001,58,S,S,E,T,M,S,Y,V,I,A,你需要,做,做什么?,What shouldyoudo,?,?,USL,LSL,Cp 2 and Cpk 1,采取预防行动清除不合格产品,Take precautions to remove non-conforming products,持续努力减少变异,Continue efforts to minimize variation,将流程表现控制到中间值,Center the pro