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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 11 Leadership,11.1 Definition the ability & process to influence a group toward the achievement of goals,not all leaders are managers;nor,for that matter,are all managers leaders,Difference between management & leadership,attitudes towards goals: Managers tend to adopt impersonal,leaders take a personal & active. Work view:an enabling process involving -,temperamentally disposed to seek out risk & danger. Prefer to work with people,concerned with ideas,management coping with complexity,leader coping with change,developing a vision of the future;,most firms are underled & overmanaged,Transition in leadership theories,What makes an effective leader,the 1st approach sought to find universal personality traits that leaders had to some great degree than nonleaders,explain leadership in terms of the behavior a person engaged in,“false starts” based on their erroneous conception,Contingency models to explain the inadequacies of previous leadership,attempting to identify the set of traits that people implicitly refer to as a leader,11. 2 Trait theories,1930s by psychologists,Theories seeking personality,social,physical, or intellectual traits differentiating leaders from nonleaders,Identify traits consistently associated with leader: ambition & energy,the desire to lead,honesty & integrity, self-confidence, intelligence,job-related knowledge,isolating traits resulted in dead ends,4 reason: overlooks the needs of followers;fails to clarify the relative importance;doesnt separate cause from effect;ignore situational factors,Chapter 11 Leadership,11.3 Behavioral theories,the late 1940s-mid-1960s,Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from nonleaders,trait research were successful,then leader is basically inborn, would have provided a basis for,selecting,the right “leader” behavior theories were valid,we could teach people to be leaders,training,1.Ohio State studies,in the late 1940s,Identify independent dimensions of leader behavior. beginning with over 1000 dimensions,initiating structure,:the extent to which a leader is likely to define high on it lead to greater rates of grievances, absenteeism,& turnover & lower levels of job satisfaction for workers performing routine tasks.,consideration,: -have job relationships characterized by mutual trust,respect for subordinates ideas,& regard for their feelings. Negatively related to performance ratings of the leader by his superior,“high-high” leader tended to achieve high performance ,2. University of Michigan studies,Employee-oriented leader:emphasizes interpersonal relations,production-oriented:emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job,Employee-oriented leaders were associated with higher group productivity & higher job satisfaction.,3.The managerial grid,Blake & Mouton,A 9-by-9 matrix outlining 81 different styles,concern for people, production,9 possible positions along each axis,managers perform best under a 9,9 style; 9,1 authority style;1,9 country club style,4. Scandinavian studies,Finland & Sweden,Basic premise:in changing world,effective leaders would exhibit,development-oriented,behavior,3rd separate dimension: values experimentation,seeking new ideas,& generating & implementing change.,Went back positive evident in 1990s dynamic environment.,Chapter 11 Leadership,11.4 Contingency theories,leadership effectiveness was dependent on the situation,isolate those critical situational factors-moderate variables,1.Fiedler Model,least preferred co-worker (LPC),questionnaire,Identifying leadership style,:LPC score-relationship, task oriented; 16% mid. Range 1200 groups,Defining the situation:,leader-member relation,:,confidence,trust,respect in,task structure,:,degree job assignments are procedurized,position power,:degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as-,Matching leaders change the situation to fit the leader,1.(2)Cognitive resource theory,update in 1987,A theory of leadership stating that a leader obtains effective group performance by,1st, making effective plans,decisions,2nd, communicating them through directive behavior,how,stress,&,Cognitive resource,such as intelligence, experience play a role on leadership effectiveness;,3 prediction,: directive behavior result in good performance only if it linked with high intelligence in a supportive, nonstressful environment; in highly stressful situations, job experience is positive related with performance; the intellectual ability correlate with performance in nonstressful situations,2.Hersey & Blanchards situational theory,A contingency theory focusing on followers readiness,readiness,: the extent to which people have the,ability,&,willingness,to accomplish a specific task 4 stages R1.unable R4. able & willing,leadership behaviors: telling(high task-low relationship)- R1; selling(high-high)- R2;participating(low-high)- R3; delegating(low-low)- R4,task-able;relationship-willing,3.Leader-member exchange theory,LMX: leaders create in-group & out-group, & subordinate with in-group status will have higher performance ratings,less turnover,& greater satisfaction with their superior,the leader implicitly categorizes the subordinate as an in- similar personal characteristics,generally supportive,4. Path-goal theory,by Robert House,The term,path-goal,is derived from the belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get the achievement of their work goals easily,the theory that a leaders behavior is acceptable to subordinate insofar as they view it as a source of either immediate or future satisfaction,4 leadership behaviors:,directive,leader-task;,supportive,-consideration;,participative,-consulting;,achievement-oriented,-set challenging goals leader behaviors is ineffective when it is redundant,4. Path-goal theory,2 classes of situational variables:,environmental factors,outside the control of ;(complement) part of the,personal characteristics,of the subordinate (interpretation),Directive,leads to greater satisfaction for ambiguous or stressful task; when there is substantive conflict within; fits one with an external locus of control; is likely to be viewed as redundant by skilled subordinates.,Supportive,results in high performance fits clear,bureaucratic formal authority relationships.,participative,fits one with an internal locus of control.,achievement-oriented,increase ones expectancies leading high performance for ambiguous task,5.Leader-participation model,in 1973,by Victor Vroom & Phillip Yetton,A leadership theory providing a set of rules to determine the form & amount of participative D-M situationally,5 behavior feasible in given situation: Autocratic I,II (information); Consultative I,II (share problem collective); & Group,QR Quality Requirement; CR Commitment R; LI Leader Information; ST Problem Structure; CP Commitment Probability;GC Goal Congruence; CO Subordinate Conflict; SI Subordinate Information; TC Time Constraint; GD Geographical Dispersion; MT Motivation-Time; MD Motivation-Development,6.Irrelevant leadership,In many situations,whatever behaviors leaders exhibit are irrelevant,certain individual,job,& organizational variables act as substitutes or neutralizers,Chapter 11 Leadership,11.5 Recent approaches,1.Attribution theory,attempting to make sense out of cause-effect relationship,Propose that leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals,characterize leaders as having such traits as intelligence,outgoing personality,strong verbal skills,aggressiveness,understanding, & industriousness,use leadership to explain organizational outcome; under the extreme conditions,2.Charismatic leadership,extension of attribution theory,Followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors,identify personal characteristics of the charismatic leader: extremely high confidence,a vision, ability to articulate the vision, strong convictions in the vision,behavior out of ordinary,being a change agent,environmental sensitivity.,When the followers task has an ideological component,3. Transactional , Transformational leader,Transactional,leader:guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying roles & task requirement,Transformational,leader:provide individualized consideration & intellectual stimulation,& who pocess charisma,Transformational leader get high appraisal，strongly related to lower rates of absenteeism, high productivity, high job satisfaction,11.6 Contemporary issues,Gender:do male & female lead different-,similarity outweigh the difference,leading through empowerment-coaching,effective followership:,self-manage;commit to a purpose outside;building competence;courageous, honesty,& credible,national culture,Biological roots for leadership,演讲完毕，谢谢观看！,
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