Lecture4Wordformation(2)

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,*,Lecture 4,Word-Formation II:The Minor Processes,An overview,1,Blending,2,Backformation,3,Shortening,4,Analogy,2,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,1,Blending,Blending,（,拼缀法）,is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.,The result of such a process is called,a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word,.,3,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,Blending is a process of both,compounding and abbreviation,.,Structurally,blends may be divided into four types(see page 45-46).,4,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,Examples,newscast,(news,broadcast),brunch,(breakfast,lunch),smog,(smoke,fog),talkathon,(talk,marathon),slimnastics,(slim,gymnastics),videophone,(video telephone),5,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,sci-fi,hi-fi,workaholic,stagflation,Unicom,sitcom,motel,dawk,sciencefiction,highfidelity,workalcoholic,stagnationinflation,United Communications,situationcomedy,motorhotel,dovehawk,6,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,2,Backformation,Back-formation,（,逆成法）,is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of,a supposed suffix,.,It is also known as a reverse derivation.,7,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,Examples,edit,from,editor,automate,from,automation,enthuse,from,enthusiasm,gloom,from,gloomy,donate,from,donation,brainwash,from,brainwashing,sleep-walk,from,sleep-walking,8,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,3,Shortening,Types of shortening/abbreviation,（,缩略法）,1),clipped words,（,剪切词）:,those created by clipping part of the word(usually a noun),leaving only a piece of the old word.The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.,9,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,E.g.,ad,=,advertisement,expo,=,exposition,phone,=,telephone,pro,=,professional,memo,=,memorandum,tec,=,detective,heli,or copter,=,helicopter,comfy,=,comfortable,10,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,gymnasium,dormitory,handkerchief,gasoline,kilogram,influenza,business,parachute,refrigerator,taxicab,gym,dorm,hanky,Gas,kilo,flu,biz,chute,fridge,taxi or cab,Give clippings for the following words,11,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,2),initialisms,（,首字母连写词）,:,a type of shortening,using the first letters of words to form a proper name,a technical term,or a phrase;an,initialism,is pronounced letter by letter.,12,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,E.g.,IOC,=,International Olympic Committee,BBC,=,British Broadcasting Corporation,ISBN,=,International Standard Book Number,CAD,=,computer assisted design,cm,=,centimeter,TB,=,tuberculosis,13,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,CPU,DIY,CEO,IT,AI,SOS,IDD,GMT,VIP,P.S.,a.m.,p.m.,central processing unit,Do it yourself,Chief Executive Officer,Information technology,artificial intelligence,Save our ship,international direct dial,Greenwich Mean Time,very important person,postscript,ante,meridiem,post,meridiem,Write out in full the following,initialisms,14,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,3),acronyms,（,首字母拼音词）,:,words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.Acronyms differ from,initialisms,in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.,15,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,Basic,=,Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction,TEFL,=,teaching English as a foreign language,TESOL,=,teaching English to speakers of other languages,UNESCO,=,the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,SARS,=,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,16,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,TOEFL,ROM,NATO,FIFA,Aids,radar,Test of English as a foreign language,read only memory,The North Atlantic Treaty organization,Federation,Internationale,de Football,Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome,Radio detecting and ranging,Write out in full the following acronyms,17,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,4,Analogy,The process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to,the existing patterns,in the language.,18,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,Examples,Marathon,-telethon,talkathon,blue-collar workers,-white-collar workers,gray-collar workers,pink-collar workers,gold-collar workers,environmental pollution-,-visual or eye pollution,noise pollution,cultural pollution,graffiti pollution,First Family-,-First Lady,First Dog,Landscape,-moonscape,marscape,Birds eye-,-fish-eye,worms-eye,cats-eye,19,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,小学生的十大校园流行语,“晕”,“有没有搞错”,“,OK”,“哇噻”,“随便”,“气死我了”,“酷”,“囧”,“没劲”,“雷”,20,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,2010,年度汉字前十名：,1,：涨,2,：怨,3,：灰,4,：拆,5,：死,6,：慌,7,：难,8,：忍,9,：崛,10,：假,21,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,近年的中国年度汉字,2006,年：炒,它是炒作的炒，也是炒股票、炒基金、炒鱿鱼、炒老板、炒二手房、炒原始股的炒,2007,年：涨,股票、利息、房价、物价、汽油还有工资，让人喜忧参半的“涨”字无疑成为了国人在,2007,年中最深刻的体验。,22,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,2008,年：和,“和，属于,2008,年的中国素描。这一年，国人共同经受了雪灾和地震的严峻考验，体现了人心和；北京奥运，显示了宇内和,天时地利人和，惟以人和，最为关键。”这是“汉语盘点,2008”,专家评议组为“和”写下的解读。,23,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,2009,年：被,由“被自杀”、“被就业”等新词语在,2009,年生发出大量“被,”,结构的流行语，如“被捐款”、“被涨薪”、“被幸福”、“被艾滋”。这个新兴于,2009,年的网络热字，它们的流行表达了公众对于公民权责名实相符的吁求。,24,Sichuan University ZUO Hongshan,年度汉字,年度汉字评选，