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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,College English Grammar:,Grammar and Writing,By,Zhu Xiangjun,Unit 13,Subject clause and predictive clause,Grammar:,1) Subject clause,2) Predictive clause,Writing:,Correcting:,Faulty Coordination/Subordination,Rewriting,:,How to expand a sentence,Noun Clauses,A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Like a noun, a noun clause can act as a subject, an object, a complement or an appositive.,How did the ancient Greeks build the pyramids,The method is still a mystery., How the ancient Greeks built the pyramids is still a mystery. as a subject,What did he write on a note,He showed me the message last night., Last night he showed me what he wrote on a note.as an object,This is the reason.,Why are so many people unable to afford a house, This is why so many people are unable to afford a house. as a subject complement,(Compare: This is the reason why so many people are unable to afford a house. as an adjective clause modifying the noun “reason),No one can deny the fact.,The fact is that the inflation of the world is growing serious., No one can deny the fact that the inflation of the world is growing serious. as an appositive,1. Forms and kinds,Noun clauses usually begin with subordinating words like,how, why, what, where, when, who, that, which, whose, whether,etc.,Subordinating word + subject + predicate verb + object + ,Noun clauses can be put into three:,those from wh-questions, starting with a question word such as,who,what, when,where, why,and,how,;,those from yes-no questions, starting with,if, whether,;,those from statements, starting with,that,.,Wh-questions are the questions that begin with wh-question words, including,how, what, when, where, who, etc. and yes-no questions are the questions to which the answer is yes or no.,Why did so many people believe his story,The reason is a mystery to me., Why so many people believed his story is a mystery to me.,(why functions as an adverb inside the noun clause),Who will join us,No one told me that., No one told me who will join us.,(who functions as a subject inside the noun clause),Had my operation been successful,He asked his doctor that question., He asked his doctor if/whether his operation had been successful.,(if/whether has no function within the noun clause),He would have to stay in hospital.,He should be there for another two weeks.,The doctor told him so., The doctor told him that he would have to stay in hospital for another two weeks.,(that has no function within the noun clause),Word order in noun clause is the same as in statements. It is common error to use question word order after some words such as who, what, when, where, how, why and so on when they introduce noun clauses.,How much can you buy with so little money a wh-question, how much you can buy with so little money a noun clause,Can you beat his score a yes/no question, if/whether you can beat his score a noun clause,He has made an important discovery. a statement, that he has made an important discovery a noun clause,No one can alter the past. a statement, that no one can alter the past a noun clause,2. Subject clauses,When a noun clause functions as a subject, it is called a subject clause. The subject clauses are not separated by a comma.,She became an artist.,That may have been due to her fathers influence., That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence.,Will it do us harm,The question remains to be seen., Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.,How many people are we to invite,It is still a question., How many people we are to invite is still a question.,Subject clause can be replaced by a logic subject “it especially when the subject clause is much longer than the main clause.,Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen., It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm.,How many people we are to invite is still a question., It is still a question how many people we are to invite.,When the subordinating word “if introduces a subject clause, the clause can not be placed at the beginning; whereas, the clause can be placed both at the beginning and at the end when the subject clause is introduced by the subordinating word “whether. For instance:, If she comes or not makes no difference., Whether she comes or not makes no difference.,It is doubtful whether/if the President knew the details of the plan.,In the sentence pattern “It + be + adj. + subject clause, we usually use subjective mood in the clause when the adjectives are necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential and so on.,He should sort out the information.,The information is for my reference.,His action is necessary., It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.,We should build more power stations.,The stations use water to produce power.,That is important., It is important that we build more hydroelectric power stations.,3. Predicative clauses,When a noun clause follows a link verb and functions as a complement of a subject, it is called a predicative clause. No comma is needed when we use the predicative clauses.,The demand is this.,The composition should be written on one side only., The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.,The question is this.,Is she able to do it herself, The question is whether she is able to do it herself.,What did they not know,Why did he call them with their nick names, What they didnt know was why he called them with their nick names.,Predictive clauses,can be introduced by the word,whether,not,if,.,His first question was,if,Tom had arrived yet,.,His first question was,whether,Tom had arrived yet,.,If the subject of the main clause is the word,reason,we use the subordinating,word,that not,because,to introduce the predictive clause.,The reason why he was dismissed was,because,he was careless and irresponsible.,The reason why he was dismissed was,that,he was careless and irresponsible.,Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one subject clause or predictive clause.,1. At one point, their plane would crash.That seemed certain., At one point, it seemed certain that their plane would crash.,2. He was very embarrassed.That was obvious., It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.,3. Where shall I spend my summerThat is no business of yours., Where I shall spend my summer is no business of yours.,4. What makes this shop differentThe reason is this.It offers more personal services., What makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.,5. My advice is this.You practice speaking English.You should do as often as possible., My advice is that you (should) practice speaking English as often as possible.,6. What struck meThe reason is this.They have all suffered a lot.,What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot.,7. You are coming to London.That is the best news.I have heard some news recently., That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard.,Faulty Coordination/Subordination,Faulty coordination/subordination occurs when clauses are joined incorrectly.,1. Faulty Coordination,The word “coordinate means “equal in rank, quality, or importance. Thus, coordination in grammar means giving equal emphasis to the ideas of equal importance. If the ideas connected in this way are not of equal important, faulty coordination occurs., You sent me a present recently and thank you very much for it., Thank you very much for the present you sent me recently., A public house is up for sale and Mr. Thompson bought it recently., A public house which was recently bought by Mr. Thompson is up for sale., A public house recently bought by Mr. Thompson is up for sale.,In general, there are two ways to correct the problem:,subordinating the clause of less importance, and,reducing the clause of less importance to a phrase.,The boat had passed and they swam on quickly and they knew that it would soon return.,After the boat had passed,they swam on quickly they could,because they knew that it would soon return.,The nations are different and certain funny situations have a universal appeal.,Although the nations are different,certain funny situations have a universal appeal.,In spite of national differences,certain funny situations have a universal appeal.,2. Faulty Subordination,If the more important clause is placed in a subordinate situation in a sentence, faulty subordination occurs.,The bed was smashed to pieces although the man was miraculously unhurt.,Although the bed was smashed to pieces,the man was miraculously unhurt.,When she did not even look up, I took my seat beside her.,She did not even look up,when I took my seat beside her,.,If a sentence contains a series of clauses, each subordinate to an earlier one, excessive subordination occurs. A way to correct excessive subordination is to break the sentence into two or more sentences or to change some of the subordinate clauses into modifying phrases or appositives.,When,he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake,which,rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe,so,we were very much surprised,when,the snake charmer suddenly began to play jazz and modern pop songs.,When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake. It rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe. We were very much surprised when the snake charmer suddenly began to play jazz and modern pop songs.,Correct the following faulty coordination/subordination.,There were a great many loud explosions and the race began.,I had the breakfast and I sent the children to school.,I returned home but it was still early.,I did not know the way to my hotel because I asked a policeman.,A smiling policeman told him and his bicycle had been found.,She went into my room and she saw all those books on the floor, so she got a big surprise.,The weather was very hot for he carried the bed on to the roof of his house.,He opens the gate from the outside as soon as he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.,Over the years, the crash was forgotten when the wreck remained undisturbed.,As the plane was late, detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.,Keys:,After a great many loud explosions, the race began.,After breakfast, I sent the children to school.,It was still early,when,I returned home.,I did not know the way to my hotel,so,I asked a policeman.,A smiling policeman told him,that,his bicycle had been found.,She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.,Because the weather was very hot, he carried the bed on to the roof of his house.,As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.,Over the years, the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undisturbed,The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.,Assignment,：,The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer,more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, correct them.,Passage 1,(Adapted from Lesson 17, New Concept English III by,L.G,.,Alexander,),Verrazano was an Italian. People know little about him. In 1534, he sailed into New York harbor. He named it as Angouleme. He described it as following: its geographic situation is very proper, it is located in the middle of two small hills and a great river flowed from them. Verrazano is not a great explorer at all. People will never forget his name. In 1964, on November 21, a worlds longest suspension bridge was built. It was given a name of him.,Verrazano Bridge was designed by Othmar Ammann. It connected Brooklyn with Staten Island. Its length was 4,260 feet. The bridge was too long. Its designer had to think about the shape of the earth. Two big towers supported four thick cables. People built the towers on the big platforms under the water. They were made of steel and concrete. The platforms reached the sea bottom 100 feet. Only these two towers spent sixteen months to build. The towers were high above the water almost 700 feet. The high towers supported the cables and the cables suspended the bridge. Each of the four cables is made up of 26,108 steel wires. It was estimated that if the bridge was full of cars, it was only carrying one third of its general capacity. The important character of the bridge was not only its size and strength. Although this bridge was very large, but its structure was simple, its shape beautiful, realized the designers wish to build a big object drawn as faintly as possible.,
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