大学英语说明文3

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Zhejiang Ocean University,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,Expository Essay Writing,Lecture 3 Development by Examples,In this lecture, you will,first,learn about a writing skill: illustration,read Text A in Unit 1 and discuss its strategy,learn to use illustration in essay writing,Teaching Procedures,I. Introduction, illustration,II. Professional Reading, Text A, Unit 1,Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life,III. Essay Writing,IV. Assignment,Illustration,Definition,Purposes,Structure,Choice of Examples,What is illustration,Exemplification (,例证法,),Using examples to explain, convince or amuse,Most,common,and often most,effective,way of developing ideas,Why use illustration,To justify your opinion or clarify an idea or concept,To support a general topic statement,To explain a difficult point or unfamiliar concept,Facts speak louder than eloquence!,Why use examples,T.S.:,The cost of living has been,rising,lately.,Support:,The average one-bedroom,apartment goes for $650 a,month,whereas only two,years ago it went for $475.,Topic,Supporting,Conclusion,Structure,S,E,N,T,E,N,C,E,S,Broad enough to cover;,Omissible,Structured reasons & examples,Sample 1,This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered.,An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions,. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.,Advertisementcanbeaservicetopeople,.,First,itisinformative,andcanhelppeoplebuyandsell,goods.,Second,itcanwiden peoplesknowledge,andmakepeoplemoreexperienced.,Lastly,people,canenjoythemselvesthroughthoseprograms,whichadvertisementshavebeenputinto.,General topic statement,Three reasons are given to support the topic sentence,Sample 2,Forms of Examples,The example is a series of facts or anecdotes quoted to prove the point of an essay. Examples may be,single words,phrases,Anecdotes or an extended anecdote from a paragraph to a whole essay in length.,1. Humor often stimulates laughter, which,covers a wide range,from,belly laugh to a,chuckle to a smile.,2. Causes of high blood pressure,include,genetics, eating too much salt, being,overweight, drinking excessive amounts of,alcohol and certain medications,.,3. Physical activity can help us get in shape.,In general,when we climb a flight of stairs, walk to store, or,play in the courtyard, our health and fitness levels,improve.,4. Technology is essential to modern life:,every,morning, people wake up to the built-in alarm in,their cell phone and then go to work on a bus, in a,private car or by the subway, complete tasks with,PCs or laptops during the day and watch cable,channels at night.,5.,There is a story about a psychologist who,shut a chimpanzee in a soundproof room filled,with dozens of mechanical toys. Eager to see,what playthings the ape would choose when he,was all alone in this treasure house, the,scientist bent down on his knees and put his,eye to the keyhole. What he saw was one,bright eye peering through from the other side,of the aperture.,This anecdote illustrates the,impossibility of anticipating exactly what an,animal will do in a test situation.,personal experiences & observations,anecdotes,quotations; facts; statistics,hypothetical examples,Types of Examples,Sample 1,Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in Use specific details to support your answer.,Take me as an example, I used to live in Tieling, a small town in north China. It costs me 2 hours to travel from Tieling to a nearby big city to watch the latest movie. After I moved to Chongqing, I can go to the theater every week to enjoy the latest movies. And I believe that such experience is common in the society.,Sample 2,Banning cell phones on buses or trains will create inconveniences for passengers.,Lets consider the following hypothetical situation.,Suppose,a passenger travels to an unfamiliar city. How does she/he contact with friends or family or colleagues if the train bans the use of cell phones. It would be either too expensive or impractical to install a large number of public telephones on buses.,Sample 3,Eating at restaurant can save a lot of time.,We can hardly imagine the situation without,restaurants in our lives.,Living under the high-,pressure and fast-pace living style, people have,found they need restaurant when they dont have,enough time to enjoy their own cooking. Without,restaurants and the services offered by them,people will have to spend long time going to,groceries and cooking by themselves.,Sample 4,Early independence causes many young adults to fail.,A recent survey can back up my point.,The survey, conducted by USA Today, after polling thousands of college graduates, has found that over 30 percentage of respondents claim that they have difficulty (with) finding well-paid jobs and have to ask for help of their families,.,19,Number of Examples,Depends on difficulty of the subject, length of writing, and your knowledge of the subject.,Usually 3-5 examples.,A single extended example,Order of examples,1. In,time,order (in anecdotes),2. In,spatial,order,3. In,climatic,order,It was a typical Russian winter. The first snowstorm had turned everything white.,The wind was howling, swirling and tumbling over a vast land of ice and snow, freezing and destroying whatever stood in its way.,A ragged, misshapen army was staggering and struggling desperately for survival, cold, hungry and decreasing in size every day. The year was 1812. The army was the remnants of Napoleons expeditionary force which was withdrawing from Russia after receiving its worst defeat.,The war with Russia turned out to be a fiasco for Napoleon and had a devastating effect on his career.,the bad weather,The worst defeat of an army,A fiasco for Napoleon,The degree of badness intensified as the paragraph develops,What are good examples,specific,appropriate,interesting and lively,Working as a cook at the Venture Inn is the best job I have ever had.,I like this job,first of all because,I have a steady forty-hour workweek,along with a chance for overtime if I want it.,Also,I can eat whatever I like, and I get a chance to take steak and sometimes lobster home to my wife.,Moreover,I dont have any big hassle with my boss; if I have to report late or skip a day now and then, all she asks is that I call her in advance.,In addition, the pay is very good, averaging close to $200 the weeks that I work overtime.,The last and most,important reason,that I like the job is that it is seasonal. This means that I will be free to go to school during the winter and then have a job to look forward to next season when school is out.,The topic sentence tells us that the author likes his job as a cook very much,The author illustrates 5 reasons why he likes his job. These reasons are all reasonable and closely connected with th main idea.,Spring and autumn are the two best seasons for wearing jeans, but jeans are suitable for winter and summer as well. In my eyes, young people in jeans skirts or shorts are most handsome and beautiful. Imagine a group of youngsters in blue jeans walking toward you, under a blue sky or on a sand beach along which blue waves are shimmering in the sun. What kind of feeling will you have Deeply impressed by their youthful vitality, you cannot help but wonder at the visible effects created by jeans,The topic sentence mainly tells us jeans are suitable to wear for all seasons,The example given here has nothing to do with the main idea,Whats wrong,Time spent in a bookshop can be,most enjoyable,. You can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings.,And the main attraction of a bookshop is to make you feel free,(,Irrelevant),Whats wrong,Basketball is,popular,in many countries. One reason for this is that it is,inexpensive,. Additionally, it is a,healthful,sport that both men and women can play. Furthermore, it,does good to people,s fitness,.,(Overlapping),Transitional expressions,for example / instance, as an example / illustration, as a first example,as another example, in another instance,as still another example,to take as an example / for example,a case in point is, is a case in point,to show, to illustrate, to prove,Transitional expressions for,listing,1. first, firstly, in the first place, first of all, initially, to begin with,2. second, secondly, third, thirdly,3. besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, also, another,4. last, lastly, finally,5. the most (important, interesting, etc.) is, above all, equally important, more important, most important(ly),Professional Reading,Text A Unit 1,Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life,- Jim Doherty,Task 1,Read paragraph 2, 3, 4 and answer the following questions:,1. What is the topic sentence of each paragraph,2. How many examples are given to support the main idea,of each paragraph What kind of examples are they,3. Which method of organization does the author use to,illustrate the main idea of each paragraph,A. Time,B. Space,C. Emphatic,D. Parallel,Task 2,Read paragraph 5-8, find all of the following:,time transition signals,a,ddition transition signals,change,of-direction transitional signals,sayings,Guided Writing,Topic,: People can tell a great deal about,you from how you dress,outline,: Topic sentence,Examples,Restatement,1. topic sentence,tells readers the subject under,discussion, points out the main idea of the,paragraph.,For Example:,In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking.,Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation.,My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is the most lovely child I have ever seen.,2. supporting sentences,provide 3-5 examples centering on the main idea stated in the topic sentence,select good examples,arrange the examples in a good order,3. concluding sentence,restates the main idea in the topic sentence,Assignment,Choose one of the following topics and write a,n essay,developed by examples.,1. One important event can change the course of a life,.,2. First impressions are often the best/worst means of judging people.,3. Failure is a better teacher than success.,4. Many required courses are /are not relevant to a students education.,5. Travel can be the best medicine.,6. Consumers are often at the mercy of crooked companies.,7. Job hunting today is a difficult process.,8. Modern technology can produce more inconvenience than convenience.,Thank You!,