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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Ralph Waldo Emerson,（,18031882,）,American lecturer, poet, essayist and philosopher,Best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19,th,century.,Emersons Early Life,In 1803 in Boston, MA. Born on Election Day,Born on the same street as the birth home of Benjamin Franklin.,Father was a famous minister who encouraged young Ralph to pursue philosophy at a young age.,Early Trials,In 1811, when he was 8 his father passed away and Emerson is left to support his four other brothers.,In 1817, when he was 14, he went to Harvard. Despite the hardships, all the Emerson boys, except one, graduated from Harvard University.,Ralph was asked to share a coat with his brother to save finances.,His career,In 1821, after Harvard, Emerson assisted his brother in a school for young women established in their mothers house.,In 1829, he was appointed as a junior pastor(,青年牧师,) by Bostons Second Church.,First Marriage,1829, married, Ellen Louisa Tucker (died of TB two years later),Second Marriage,1835, married Lydia Jackson.,They had four children.,Emerson and Lydia with children and grandchildren,Late Life and Death,Upset in the 1860s by the coming Civil War, he lived a quiet life with his family.,His house burnt to the ground in 1872.,Died on April 27,th, 1882.,Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882),The British critic Matthew Arnold said the most important writings in English in the 19th century had been Wordsworths poems and Emersons essays.,major works,Nature ,论自然,1836,The American Scholar,论美国学者,1837,Self reliance ,论自立,1841,The Over-soul ,论超灵,1841,Representative Men ,代表人物,1850,English Traits ,英国人的特性,1856,Comments,Former U.S. Present Lincoln called him:,“the American Confucius,(,美国的孔子,)”,，,“,the father of American civilizations”.,What is Transcendentalism?,“,What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us is idealism”.,- Emerson,Transcendentalism,Transcendentalism is the view that the basic truths of the universe lie beyond the knowledge one obtains from his senses;,人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理,.,超验就是指超越人的现实世界（包括宗教现实）走入人的心灵世界，它预示着灵魂的存在，生活的意义就在于这种精神的超越和提升。,To arrive at the truth, man must go beyond or,transcend,what his eyes and ears tell him or what he can learn from books. He must listen to his,inner soul,.,American Transcendentalism,emphasis on intuition, the spirit or the,Oversoul,;,the stress on the importance of individualism; belief in self-trust and self-reliance;,praise of nature as a symbol of the Spirit or God;,Ideas,Individualism,not the crowd are the most important all, but the man,“Trust thyself”,“Make thyself”,Ideas,Nature is emblematic of God.,Nature is the vehicle of thought.,Nature is the symbol of spirit.,Return to nature.,超验主义的主要思想观点有三：,首先，超验主义者强调精神，或超灵，认为这是宇宙至为重要的存在因素。超灵是一种无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量，是万物之本、万物之所属，它存在于人和自然界内。,其二，超验主义者强调个人的重要性。他们认为个人是社会的最重要的组成部分，社会的革新只能通过个人的修养和完善才能实现。因此人的首要责任就是自我完善，而不是刻意追求金玉富贵。理想的人是依靠自己的人。,其三，超验主义者以全新的目光看待自然，认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。 在他们看来，自然界不只是物质而已。它有生命，上帝的精神充溢其中，它是超灵的外衣。超验主义主张回归自然,这种观点的自然内涵是，自然界万物具象征意义，外部世界是精神世界的体现。,我们来欣赏一首爱默生的诗作吧,Days,Daughters of Time, the hypocritic Days,Muffled and dumb like barefoot dervishes,And marching single in an endless file,Bring diadems and fagots in their hands.To each they offer gifts after his will,Bread, kingdoms, stars, and sky that holds them all.I, in my pleached garden, watched the pomp,Forgot my morning wishes, hastilyTook a few herbs and apples,and the Day,s t,urned and departed silent.,I, too late,u,nder her solemn fillet saw the scorn.,Days,日子,日子,时光的女儿们，伪善的日子，声音黯哑如赤足的托钵僧，,她们单列行进，看不到尽头，手里拿着皇冠和成捆的薪柴。礼物按照每个人的心愿分赠，面包、王国、星辰，甚至天穹。整枝盘蔓的花园里我瞩目这场壮丽，,忘记了清晨想要的东西,匆忙采了些香料和苹果，,日子却转身悄然离去。,待我在肃穆的发带下,看见她轻蔑的嘲笑，已经太迟。,Muffled and dumb like barefoot dervishes,声音黯哑如赤足的托钵僧,dervishes: Muslim friars who took vows of poverty and were known for their ceremonial whirling dances.,Bring diadems and fagots in their hands.,手里拿着皇冠和成捆的薪柴。,diadems: crowns. fagots: bunches of sticks or branches (for burning).,I, in my pleached garden, watched the pomp,枝叶,盘蔓的花园里我瞩目这场壮丽,pleached garden: Formed by the pleaching of boughs and,fenced, bordered, or overarched with pleached boughs,I, too late,u,nder her solemn fillet saw the scorn.,待我在肃穆的发带下,看见她轻蔑的嘲笑，已经太迟。,fillet: hair ribbon.,（选自,Great Short Poems ,短诗精萃,）,日子,发表于,1851,年。,评论家和读者均认为这是他写的最好的一首。就连他自己也认为是这首最好。,它,是一首,关于时间问题的一则寓言。,他用“伪善”( hypocritic)来表现时日的表面性的公允和慷慨，又用“喑哑无语”(muffled and dumb),来表现时日的狡黠与沉默,。,她们的慷慨和忙碌吸引了,“,我”的注意，以至于使“我”忘掉了“早晨的愿望,”。,“,我”得到的只是香草和苹果，而它们作为最简单的物质欲望的隐喻，意味着“我”的精神追求的缺失,。,人与时间之间的紧张关系只是这首诗的表面张力，而内在的轴心却是诗人在自我的持守和丢失之间的摇摆与叹息,。,一个人在一个时日结束之时却受到了时日的轻蔑，而导致这种情况的唯一原因就在于“我”关注于一些外部的表象（时日发放赠卒的壮观景象、香草以及苹果），从而疏远了那个有着“早晨的愿望”的内在自我或深层自我（“愿望”是深层自我的能指）,。,这种疏远就是一种“沉沦”，但是“我”的可贵之处在于意识到了这种沉沦,。,My life is for itself and not for a,spectacle.,我为自己而活，而不是为一场奇观。,
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