11 English literature of the 18th century

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,English Literature of the 18,th,Century,Contents,Political and economic background,Ideological background,Literature characteristics,Important writers,Political and economic background,Firm establishment of capitalism in England,Compromise between the aristocracy (Tory) and the bourgeoisie (Whig),Development of Industrial Revolution,Rise of England as a big industrial and capitalist power,The oppression of people through enclosure of land,Conflict between the old aristocracy together with the new bourgeoisie and the masses,Ideological backgroundAge of Enlightenment (,启蒙运动,),Enlightenment:,a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18,th,century,Furtherance of the Renaissance in the 15,th, 16,th,centuries,Giants of Enlightenment: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau,Ideological backgroundAge of Enlightenment (,启蒙运动,),Characteristics,Struggle of the newly rising bourgeoisie against the class inequality, prejudicessurvivals of,feudalism,advocate universal education,believe in power of reasonthe Age of Reason,man is born kind and honest,Literature Characteristics,Literature is heavily didactic and moralizing, a popular means of public education;,Literary form:,poem,;,play,modern novel,Gothic novels (哥特式小说)Horace Walpole,s,The Castle of Otranto,Literary trends,neo-classicism (,新古典主义,),realism,sentimentalism,(,感伤主义,),&,pre- romanticism,(,前浪漫主义,),The Development of Literature,The first 3 decades: Neoclassicism and Poetry,1740,s - 1750,s: The Rise of Realistic Novels,The last few years : Sentimentalism in poems, and,novels & Pre-romanticism in poems,Neo-classicism(,新古典主义,),Neo-classicism(,新古典主义,)-Alexander Pope,“,Whatever is, is right,”,Literature should be modeled after the classical works of ancient Greek and Roman writers,Order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good form, unified structure,Emphasis upon reason,Service to humanity,Neo-classicism(,新古典主义,),New-classicists have fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature,.,Proseprecise, direct, smooth,Poetrylogical, lyrical,Dramaheroic couplet, three unities (time, place and action),Realism,Realismthe modern English novel,Natural product of the social and political development,A realistic presentation of the life of the common English people & middle class,Pioneers:,Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson,Henry Fielding,Sentimentalism (,感伤主义,),Sentimentalism (,感伤主义,),Social background of sentimentalism,1. the Enlightenment began to decline,2. as a result of the discontent with the social reality,3. sentiment was indulged in as a sort of relief if not as a solution to the grieves and heart-aches,4. emphasis on sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice,Sentimentalism (,感伤主义,),Literary forms in sentimentalism,Poetry: William Cowper,Drama: Richard Steele (the true founder of sentimental comedy,“,The Lying Lover,”,“,The Conscious Lovers,”,),Prose fiction and novel : Oliver Goldsmith,s,The Vicar of Wakefield;,Lawrence Sterne,Pre-romanticism(,前浪漫主义,),Pre-romanticism(前浪漫主义),i) shift of interest from the classical literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual,ii) emphasis on personal thoughts and feelings, often triggered by observation of nature,Pre-romanticism(,前浪漫主义,),Literature forms of pre-romanticism,1.,Gothic novel,: novels of terror which employ medieval background and certain gloomy sentiment, superstitious horror and much supernaturalism,representative writers,: Horace Walpole,s,The Castle of Otranto,and Ann Radcliff,s,The Mysteries of Udolpho,2.,poetry,: two pre-romanticists:,William Blake and Robert Burns,An Overview of the 18,th,Literature,neoclassism,realism,sentimentalism,Pre-romanticism,William Cowper, Richard Steele,Oliver Goldsmith，,Lawrence Sterne,The rising of the modern novels,Poetry, drama, novel,Gothic novels; poetry,poetry,Daniel Defoe and,Henry Fielding,Alexand,er,Pope,Horace Walpole, Ann Radcliff,Robert Burns and William Blake,Daniel Defoe (1660-1731),Life story,:,born in a butcher,s family (family name Foe),well educated without going to university,Daniel Defoe (1660-1731),A legendary life,Zest for business,Zest for politics: wrote some political pamphlets:,“,The Shortest Way with the Dissenters,”,“,对待非国教徒的最简便方法”(1702),“,Hymn to the Pillory,”,“,枷刑颂,”,Government secret spy,Writing career,Novelist,Pamphlet writer: The Shortest Way with the Dissenters,Satirical poet: “A Hymn to the Pillory” and “The True-Born Englishman”,Writing career,Began to write his first novel,Robinson Crusoe,at,about,60,Four novels follow,ed,:,Captain Singleton,辛格尔顿船长,(1720),Moll Flanders,摩尔,弗兰德斯, (1722),Colonel Jack,杰克上校,(1722), and,Roxana,罗克萨娜,(1724): Defoe,s deep concern for the poor and the unfortunate.,A Journal of the Plague Year,大疫年纪事, (1722),quotations,Flanders says: “Vice came always at the Door of Necessity, not at the Door of Inclination”,Roxana says: “Honesty is out of the question when Starvation is the Case”,Robinson Crusoe,3 parts,Part I:,The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe,Part II:,The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe,Part III:,The Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe,Robinson Crusoe,Robinson Crusoea sailor, a merchant, a plantation owner and a slave trader,Starts with Robinson,s running away from home,Settles down in Brazil,Embarks on another voyage,Storm gets the ship off course and gets him cast on the island,Story of Robinson Crusoe,After sleeping in a tree for a night,he begins to manage his livelihood on the island,1. swims back to the wrecked ship and gets some necessities,2. creates his own environment:,1)shelters against wind and rain;,2)defends against the possible attacks of animals;,3)builds a house, grows barley and rice and domesticates animals,3. encounters the cannibals,4. returns to England,5. returns to the island,On the voyage to Africa to buy slaves, he met with the most unfortunate shipwreck.,I came on Shore here on the 30th of,Sept. 1659.,Being cast on an island,he decided to stay there,and managed his livelihood,for himself.,In order to protect himself, he built a house.,Footprint-I stood like,one thunder-struck,or as if I had seen,an apparition.,He fought against,cannibal savages coming,from the neighboring islands.,Later he rescued one savage from death and named him Friday.,In the hope of returning to Europe, he built a boat.,Finally an English ship came and took him to Europe.,Robinson Crusoe,themes:,1. a man struggling against nature and managing to live in a seemingly primitive environment,2. glorification of the bourgeois man who has the courage and will,3. glorification of labor, physical and mental,Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)prose, verse and pamphlet writermaster satirist,Life story,born a posthumous child in Dublin of an,English family,educated at Trinity College （圣三一学院）,1689-1699: a secretary to a retired diplomat,1699-1701: different clerical posts in Ireland;,London pamphlet writing;,Irish resistance against the English oppressors;,a national hero of Ireland,1742 declared insane,1745 died in Dublin,Jonathan Swift,Works,The Battle of the Books,书战,A Tale of a Tub,一个木桶的故事,-a satire on religion, modern learning and,government,A Modest Proposal,一个温和的建议,- a satire on English ruling class,Gullivers Travels,格列佛游记,- a satire on every aspect of the,English society,A Modest Proposal,“I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children.”,Gullivers Travels,Part I: Lilliput lilipt (小人国),Lilliputians -pju:in, -jn ,official posts are given according to skills;,two opposing parties;,civil strife (conflict) and war;,vices of the English society is indirectly satirized,Gullivers Travels,Part II: Brobdingnag (,大人国,) Brobdingnagians,superior to men and women in Gullivers society,Gullivers account of the reality of England,satire is directly given,Gullivers Travels,Part III: Laputa lpju:t (,飞岛国,),absent-minded philosophers: abstract and impractical,cruel methods of suppressing the rebellious people on the continent below,indirect satire on the stupid and ridiculous scientific research and academy,Gullivers Travels,Part IV: the Country of Houyhnhnms hihnm （慧驷国）,Houyhnhnms and Yahoos;,Gulliver describes the law and lawyer, wars and weapons, greed for money, exploitation of workers;,direct and indirect satire on the English society,Country of Houyhnhnms,“fellows of desperate fortunes, fired to fly from the places of their birth, on account of their poverty or their crimes”,“Some are undone by lawsuits; others spent all they had in drinking, whoring and gaming; others fled for treason; many for murder, theft, poisoning, robbery”,“I gave him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets, carabines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, ships sunk with a thousand men, twenty thousand killed on each side; dying groans, limbs flying in the air, smoke, noise, confusion, trampling to death under horses”,“a society of men among us, bred up from their youth in the art of proving by words multiplied for the purpose, that white is black, and black is white, according as they are paid”,“violent desire of wealth, power, and titles”,Gullivers Travels,A fantasy and a realistic novel,Lilliput,Brobdingnag,Laputa,Houyhnhnms,Gullivers Travels,A satire on the whole English society: politics, science, philosophy, academy,Exposes the ugly appearances of British ruling classes,Criticizes the greed for money,Attacks the aggressive wars,Sympathizes with the common and the oppressed,Henry Fielding (1707-1754) the greatest novelist of the 18,th,century; father of the English novel,Life story:,1. born in an aristocratic family and well educated,2. much travelling,3. 1729: make a living on writing in London,4. 1729/1730-1737: 26 plays (farces and comedies),5. took up law and all sorts of literary work: newspapers,and journals, pamphlets, poems and novels,6. appointed the Justice of the Peace(,治安法官,),7. poor health,“If we were to make a progress through the outskirts of this town, and look into the habitations of the poor, we should there behold such pictures of human misery as must move the compassion of every heart that deserves the name of human. What, indeed, must be his composition who could see whole families in want of every necessary of life, oppressed with hunger, cold, nakedness, and filth, and with diseases, the certain consequences of thesewhat, I say, must be his composition, who could look into such a scene as this, and be only affected in his nostrils?”,Henry Fielding,Fielding as a Playwright,1729/17301737: 26 plays,Bernard Shaw characterized Henry Fielding as “the greatest practicing dramatist, with the single exception of Shakespeare, produced by England between the Middle Ages and the nineteenth century.”,1937: a political censorship came into effect,Henry Fielding,Fielding as a novelist,The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,(a parody to Samuel Richardsons Pamela),The History of Jonathan Wild the Great,The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling,The History of Amelia,The History of Jonathan Wild the Great,Political satire on Robert Walpolethe PM and the political system,(“When you know you are all prigs, what differences can a broad or a narrow brim create? Is a prig less a prig in one hat than in another? If the public should be weak enough to interest themselves in your quarrels, and to prefer one pack to the other, while both are aiming at their purses; it is your business to laugh at, not imitate their folly.”),The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling,Scenes and charactersScene 1: in the countryside,Allworthy estate Western estate,Mr. Allworthy Mr. Western,Lady Bridget Sophia,Tom Jones Mrs. Blackmore,Young Blifil,The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling,Scene 2: on the road,Tom Jones Sophia,Partridge Mrs. Blackmore,hermit cousin,story within story,The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling,Scene 3: In London,Tom Jones Lady Bellaston,Sophia Lord Fellamar,Squire Western Blifil,Squire Allworthy,important discovery,The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling,Significance of the novel,1. successful character-portrayal,1) a striking contrast: Tom Jones and Blifil,2) vivid portrayal of Portia,2. excellent plot construction,three big divisions + stories within stories,3. third-person narration,The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling,4. third-person narration,5. language is easy, unlabored, and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous,6. a truthful picture of the English society,7. sympathy for the common people,antipathy to the wicked, especially the,aristocrats,Thomas Gray (1716-1771),Life story,Son of a London exchange broker,Educated at Eton (Horace Walpole and Richard West), then at Cambridge,A quiet man and an uneventful life,Thomas Gray (1716-1771),Writing career: a small literary output,A touch of personal melancholy,Devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation upon life and death,His masterpiece “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry, especially “the Graveyard school”,“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”,墓畔哀歌,The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea,The plowman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.,晚钟敲响了丧钟,送走逝去的白昼,低鸣的牛群迂曲绕行,缓缓走在草原上,犁地人拖着脚步,疲惫地走在回家的路上,把整个世界留给黑暗和我。,The outcome of about 8 years careful composition and polish,Connected with the melancholy event of death of Richard West,Reflects on death, the sorrows of life with a touch of personal melancholy,The poem abounds in natural images and arouses feeling in heart of the reader.,Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816),1. The only important dramatist,of the 18,th,century,2. Greatest playwright,in the 18,th,century,3. Links between the,masterpieces of Shakespeare,and those of Bernard Shaw,Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816),Life story:,born in Dublin, Ireland,educated at Harrow, England and settled in Bath,1772 got married,from 21, began playwriting,1780, elected MP various offices,1812, dropped out of parliament and arrested,1816, died in poverty and buried in Westminster Abbey,Sheridans Representative Works,(1),The Rivals,情敌,对手,(2),The School for Scandal,造谣学校,masterpiece,Constant theme is morality,Sheridans,The Rivals,Lydia,Captain Absolute,Bob Acres,Mrs. Malaprop,malapropism:,a ridiculous misusage of big words,可笑的用词错误,The School for Scandal,造谣学校,Best comedy since Shakespeare,scandal-mongers, tale-makers,tale-bearers,inventing, spreading,gossiping,The School for Scandal,造谣学校,Main characters,Charles Surface,rake, gambler-kind-hearted, affectionate, pure and sincere,Joseph Surface,modest and virtuous at first sight-callous, hypocritical and selfish,Sir Oliver Surface,disguised as a usurer and a poor relative,The School for Scandal,造谣学校,Sir Peter Teazle: a rich elderly gentleman,Lady Teazle: a poor girl aristocratic woman,Maria: the couples ward,Lady Sneerwell,Lady Teazles friend in love with Charles,Lady SneerwellCharles Maria,Joseph Lady Teazle,Charles Surface:,double bliss:,fortune and beauty,Joseph Surface,end up with nothing,hypocrisy, egoism and dishonesty- exposed,Oliver Surface,Sir Teazle,Sir Teazle and Lady Teazle:,reconciled,Themes,satire on the moral degeneracy of aristocratic-bourgeois society,scandal and gossip,extramarital love affairs,hypocrisy and egoism,Comparison between Charles and Tom,Comparison between Joseph and Blifil,Comparison between Henry Fielding and Sheridan,Definition:,alliteration,heroic couplet,sonnet,soliloquy,allegory,Beowulf,Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales,Renaissance, humanist,Thomas More:,Utopia,Edmund Spencer: The Faerie Queen,William Shakespeare: sonnet, comedy, tragedy,Francis Bacon: Of Studies,John Donne: conceit, metaphysical school,John Milton: works and his contradiction,John Bunyan:,The Pilgrims Progress,Daniel Defoe:,Robinson Crusoe,Jonathan Swift:,Gullivers Travels,Henry Fielding:,Tom Jones, a Foundling,Richard Brinsley Sheridan:,The School for Scandal,Blank filling,Multiple choices,Definition,Essay questions,William Blake (1757-1827),A man of great vision and imagination,“I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION&VISION”,“The Nature of my work is imaginary and visionary”,Literarily, William Blake is the first important romantic poet,William Blake,(1757-1821),Born and brought up in London,Little schooling,At 10, sent to a drawing school,At 14, apprenticed to an engraver,Through his life, a poet and an engraver,His genius in poetry was recognized posthumously,His works,Poetical Sketches (1783),Songs of Innocence (1789),Songs of Experience (1794),The Songs of Innocence,A lovely volume of poems,Presenting a happy and,innocent world, though,not without its evils and,sufferings. Through the,mouth of children, the poet,expresses his love for the,beauty of the world.,Poems are short and lyrical and “happy songs”,Existence of social harmony,“God is in his heaven, Alls right with the world”,“The Little Black Boy”,“My mother bore me in the southern wild,And I am black, but O! my soul is white;,White as an angel is he English child,But I am black, as if bereaved of light.”,“The Chimney-Sweeper”,“When my mother died I was very young,And my father sold me while yet my tongue,Could scarce cry weep! Weep! Weep!,So your chimneys I sweep, and in soot I sleep”,The Song of Experience,Paints a world of misery,poverty, disease, war and,repression with a melancholy,tone. The poet points out that,the earth is unhappy and lacks,love and gaiety. The miserable,living conditions of the poor,are reflected.,Childhood is central to Blakes concern in both volumes.,Some poems are revised and rewritten.,“The Little Boy Lost”,Social criticism on the reality,economic exploitation of children,unreasonable religious persecution and its lack of sympathy for the poor people,London,charterd street: a street on which certain persons are given special privileges,7. ban: public notice or order,mind-forgd manacles: the manacles made by the minds of the rulers,15,16: brings calamity upon the tearful new-born baby and ruins the new-wed lovers,London,What is the capital like?,chartered street and chartered Thames,What can be seen in London,？,marks of weakness and woe,What can be heard?,cry, sigh, curse,What kind of people are described?,chimney sweeper, hapless soldier, harlot,What does Blake want to express?,the poors misery and dissatisfaction,Robert Burns,(1759-1796),The greatest poet Scotland has ever produced.,He is remembered mainly for his poems written in the Scottish dialect.,“Auld Lang Syne” (Old Long Ago),Born in Scotland in peasants family,Only two and a half years of schooling,A principal laborer on the farm,A lot of reading knew much of Scottish songs and ballads,All short poems with various themes in different forms: including songs,Love (A Red, Red Ro