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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,取得英语语法成功的基石,句子成分,Parts of Speach,在句子中，词与词之间根据语义关系组合在一起，表达一定的语法功能，这种语法功能被称为,句子成分,。,英语的基本成分有七种：主语（,subject,）、谓语（,predicate,）、表语（,predicative,）、宾语（,object,）、定语（,attribute,）、状语(,adverbial,) 和补语（,complement,）。另有同位语（,appositive,）和独立成分。,英语句子成分种类,一、主语,主语（subject）：,谓语动作的发出者，或谓语描述的对象。主语一般位于,_,，谓语前。,1.,Lucy,likes her new bike.,2.,We,work hard.,3.,To learn a foreign language,is not easy.,4.,Playing,football after school,is great fun.,句首,一、,主语,主语可以用下面这些东西表示：,1. The sun rises in the east. （ ）,2. He likes dancing. （ ）,3. Two will be enough.( ),4. Seeing is believing. （ ）,6. To see is to believe. （ ）,7. When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. ( ),8. What he needs is a book. （ ）,9. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.,（ ）,名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语,当,不定式、动名词或从句,在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用,it作形式主语,置于,句首,，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,什么情况下用it作形式主语？,你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？,1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ),说谎是错误的。,争吵是没用的。,谁要来还不确定。,1. We,love,China.,2. She,seems,tired.,3. He,can speak,English,4. We,have finished,reading this book.,二、谓语,谓语,:说明主语,做什么,或,怎么样,。通常由,_ 充当.动词常分为实义动词,系动词,情态动词和助动词.,动词,实义动词,系动词,情态动词,助动词,（V.）,情态动词,和,助动词,不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.,They,can speak,English well.,They,are playing,over there.,1）,状态,系动词,，用来表示主语状态，只有be （,am,is ,are,was,were,been,being,）一词,He,is,a teacher.,2）,感官,系动词，主要有,feel, smell, sound, taste,This flower smells very sweet,.,系动词,3）,持续,系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有,keep, remain, stay,He always,kept,silent at meeting.,他开会时总保持沉默。,4）,表“像”,系动词,主要有,seem, appear, look, 例如：,He looks tired.,He seems (to be) very sad.,5）,变化,系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有,become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,He became mad after that.,6）,终止,系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有,prove, turn out,The rumor proved false.,这谣言证实有假。,His plan turned out a success.,他的计划终于成功了。,(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词, I dont like the picture on the wall.,A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall, The days get longer and longer when summer comes.,A. get B. longer C. days D. summer, Do you usually go to school by bus?,A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus, There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.,A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon, Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?,A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast,三、宾语,宾语,：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在,_,或_后面,有时也在形容词后.,1.He is looking at,the dog,.,2.Our teacher,said,it.,3.Our teacher,said,that he would go there.,4.Im sure,that he will come,.,双宾语,：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。,He gave,me,two books,.,及物动词,介词,三、,宾语,宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：,1.She lived a happy life.( ),2.I love you.( ),3.We need two.( ),4.Do you mind my opening the door?( ),5.He began to learn English a year ago.( ),6.He did not know what to say.( ),7.Did you write down what she said? ( ),8. She felt it her duty to take good care of them.,( ),名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语,表语,：跟在,连系动词,后面,的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.,The trees,turn,green.,The flowers,are,beautiful .,My job,is,to teach you English.,The question,is,how we can get there.,四、表语,四、,表语,表语可以用下面这些东西表示：,He is a teacher. ( ),My idea is this.( ),She was the first to arrive.( ),I feel much better today./I must be off now. ( ),He is out of danger.( ),The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.( ),What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.( ),名词,代词,数词,从句,形容词,/副词,介词短语,分词,adv. 走开, 隔断, 出发,定语：用来修饰限定_.常为形容词或形容词性短语。,This is a,red,car.,The building is,their teaching,building.,The,woman,doctor is my wife.,I have something,to tell you,.,The man,in front of the gate,is Mr. Li.,Every,student has an,English,book.,五、定语,名词,五、,定语,定语可以用下面这些东西表示：,Its a red car.( ),They live in the room above.( ),My brother is a teacher.( ),We belong to the third world.( ),Lucys father is a worker.( ),Mother made a birthday cake for me.( ),The man under the tree is my teacher.( ),The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( ),形容词,副词,物主代词,数词,名词所有格,名词,介词短语,现在分词,五、,定语,定语可以用下面这些东西表示：,I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( ),There are two things to be discussed today.（ ）,Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ）,This is the very book that I need.,（ ）,过去分词,不定式,动名词,从句,状语,：,修饰,动,词、,形,容词、,副,词或,全句,，说明,时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的，伴随,等。,状语从句：,时间,状语从句、,地点,状语从句、,条件,状语从句、,原因,状语从句、,结果,状语从句、,目的,状语从句、,方式,状语从句、,比较,状语从句、,让步,状语从句,六、,状语,John,often,came,to chat with me,As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.,She is sitting,at the desk, doing her homework.,My father worked,in this school ten years ago.,Though he is young,he knows a lot.,He came,running.,(程度 目的),（地点 伴随）,（地点 时间）,（让步）,（方式）,(原因),六、,状语,状语可以用下面这些东西表示：,He is often late for class.( ),We saw that picture at the cinema.( ),He sat there smoking.( ),They returned tired and hungry. （ ）,They did everything they could to save the boys life. （ ）,Although he is young, he knows a lot. ( ),The box is so heavy that I cant lift it. ( ),副词,，程度,介词短语，地点,分词，伴随,不定式，目的,形容词，状态,让步状语从句,结果状语从句,六、,状语,状语可以用下面这些东西表示：,While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ）,He was angry because we were late( ）,If it rains tomorrow, we wont go out. ( ),时间状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句,用于,补充说明,主语,或,宾语,的,身份或特征,。,七、,补语,Everyone calls him,Jack.,（宾补）,He is called,Jack.,（主补）,七、,宾语补足语,：,I consider Jim,a good friend,.( ),I always find her,happy,.( ),People praised him,as a hero,.( ),I had the TV,fixed,.( ),I saw him,entering,the building.( ),What made you,think,so?( ),Do you want me,to go,?( ),形容词,名词,介词短语,过去分词,现在分词,省略掉to的不定式,不定式,位于,名词,或,代词后,面的,名词或名词词组,，对前者进行,解释说明,，省略后不影响句子语法结构。,The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.,We,students,should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指,同一批,学生）,We,all,are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指,同样的,我们）,八、,同位语,九、独立成分：,有时句子中会有一些,与句子没有语法联系的成分,，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。,感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。,肯定词yes,否定词no,称呼语：称呼人的用语。,插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。,如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。,英语,五种,基本句型列式如下：,一：, ,（主谓Vi）,The sun shines./ Jim can swim.,二：, ,（主系动词表）,Im a girl. /The apple tastes good.,三：, ,（主谓Vt宾）,I like English./ He is riding a bike.,四：, ,（主谓Vt间宾直宾）,Kongrong gives his brother the bigger pear.,五：, ,（主谓Vt宾宾补）,Kids find games interesting.,简单句复杂句,1. 并列复杂句,分句a+并列连词+分句b.,(e.g. and, but, so, or),2. 主从复合句（从句）,分句a(主句)+从属连词+分句b(从句).,(e.g. who, which, that, if, because, where, because),3.分句个数n与连词个数m的关系:,m=n-1,有时m=n,4.分句个数n与谓语动词个数v的关系：,n=v,英语句子的种类,简单句,只包含一个主谓结构,They are playing baseball in the garden.,并列句,由and,but,or,so这四个并列连词连接，而“，”逗号是不能连接两个简单句的。,Her father is a doctor,and,her mother is a teacher.,I liked the story very much,but,Li Ming wasnt intereted in it.,Hurry up,or,youll be late.,复合句,由从属连词连接，如who, what, which, why, when等。,If he is all right tomorrow, he will come.,I went to bed afer I finished my homework.,连词,主句,从句（状语）,主句,连词,从句（状语）,判断句子成分,I,met,my best,friend,Tom,at the station,yesterday,.,He,was,a dancer, and,I,found,him,hardworking,.,主,谓,宾,同位,定,地点状,时间状,主,系动词,表,主,谓,宾,宾补,各成分一般由哪些词性充当？,主语：,名、代,谓语：动,宾语：,名、代,表语：,名、代、,形容词,同位语：,名、代,定语：,形容词,状语：,副词,补语：名、形容词、副词、介词短语,名词性从句：,主从、宾从、表从、同位从,形容词性从句：定从,副词性从句：状从,名词性从句,noun clause,主语从句,subject clause,宾语从句,object clause,表语从句,predicative clause,同位语从句,appositive clause,Book 3,名词性从句中的,连接词,有:,连词:,that,if/ whether / as if (though),(在从句中,不,充当成分，,有,“是否”，“似乎”含义),连接代词:,what /who/which / whose /,whatever / whoever / whomever,/ whichever,连接副词:,where / when / why / how,/ wherever / whenever,(在从句中,要,充当成分，,有,意义),定从中连词被称为,关系词,(在从句中,不,充当成分，,无,意义),1.“They are good doctors”, he told us. ,He told us that they were good doctors.,总结: 当从,句原来是陈述句时, 变成,名词性从句用that引,导。,直接引语,间接引语,(宾从),3. “Does your sister get up early?” Do you,know? ,4. “Do animals have the same senses as,humans?” I often wonder. ,Do you know if/whether your sister gets up early?,I often wonder if/whether animals,have the same senses as humans.,总结,: 当从句原来是一般疑问句时, 变成,名词性从句用 if 或 whether 引导。,5. When did he buy this new bike? Could,you tell me? ,6. My question is this: where will the lecture,be given? ,Could you tell me when he bought this,new bike?,My question is where the lecture will,be given.,总结: 当从句原来是特殊疑问句时, 变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。,总结:,名词性从句必须用陈述句语序,。,宾语从句的,时态一般与主句保持一致,。,I know him .,I know who he is .,主语,谓语,宾语,(简单句),主语,谓语,宾 语 从 句,连词,从句主语,从句谓语,主 句,(复合句),一、Object Clauses 宾语从句,宾语从句的概念：,宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。,句子结构：,主句+连词(引导词)+宾语从句,1. 连词(引导词),1,) 当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和,否定句), 连词由,that,引导, 因为that在从句,中不作任何成分, 也没有任何具体意思,因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。,Lin Tao feels,(,that,),his own team is even better,.,She says,(,that,),she wont take part in the sports,meeting next Sunday.,Jim thought,(,that,),the train was like a big moving,party.,宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况,下不能省略：,当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作,宾语时, 第二个that不能省；,当that作介词宾语时, that不可省掉。,用it做形式宾语的宾语从句。,Everyone knew what happened and,that,she,was worried.,The reason lies in,that,she works harder than,the others do.,I think it necessary,that,you should read,English aloud.,在主句为动词 be 加某些形容词（如sorry,sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟,的省略 that 的从句也可算是宾语从句。,Im sorry,(,that,),I dont know.,Were sure,(,that,),our team will win.,Im afraid,(,that,),he wont pass the exam.,2) 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时, 由连词,whether,或,if,引导(口语中常用if), 因为if/whether翻译成:,“是否”, 具有一定的意义, 所以不能省略。,Lily wanted to know,if /whether,her grandma,liked the handbag .,Lets see,if /whether,we can find out some,information about that city .,She asked me,if /whether,she could borrow,these books .,whether与if的辨用,表“,是否,”时, 在下列情况下用whether。,a. 主语从句b. 表语从句c. 同位语从句e. 介词后的宾语从句f. 后接动词不定式 (whether to do sth.) g. whether or not 连在一起引导宾语,从句时不用if,whether和if都可以引导宾语从句。,a. 当,whether,后紧跟,or not,时, 不用,if.,e.g. I dont know,whether or not,I will stay.,b.,介词,后面的宾语从句不能用,if.,e.g. I worry,about whether,I hurt her,feelings.,whether和if的使用区别,练一练: if / whether,1. I asked her,_,she had a bike.,2. Were worried about _ he is,safe.,3. I dont know _ he is well or,not.,4. I dont know _ or not he is well.,5. I dont know _ to go.,if /,whether,whether,whether /if,whether,whether,3) 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时, 由连接代词,(,what, who, whom, which, whose,) 或连接,副词(,when, where, how, why,)引导, 因为连接,代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分,具有一定的意义, 所以不可以省略。,Do you know,what,he said just now?,I dont remember,when,we arrived.,I asked him,where,I could get so much money.,Please tell me,who (whom),we have to see.,Do you know,what,time the plane leaves?,带,how,的词组也都可以引导宾语从句,Could you tell us,how much,it costs to fly to,Hainan?,Could you tell us,how,often,you go abroad,for a holiday?,Could you tell us,how,long,the meeting will last?,I dont know,how,far,it is to the cinema.,Please tell us,how,many,students there are in,your school?,Please tell us,how,soon,you will be ready.,Can you tell us,how,old,his brother is?,2. 时态,1) 如果主句是现在的时态(包括一般现在时，,现在进行时, 现在完成时)从句的时态可根,据实际情况而定(包括一般现在时,一般过,去时,一般将来时,现在完成时等)。,I know he lives here.,I know he lived here ten years ago.,I have heard that he will come tomorrow.,2) 如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时), 那么从句的时态一定要用相,对应的过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时，,过去进行时, 过去将来时, 过去完成时)。,I knew who lived here.,I saw she was talking with her mother.,He asked whether his father would come,back tomorrow.,He said that he had seen it .,3) 当从句是客观真理, 定义, 公理, 定理,时用一般现在时。,The teacher said that the sun travels,around the earth.,1.,I didnt know what time he _,the letter. (write),2,. Could you tell me who _ away,the book already? (take),3,. Ling Feng told me he _ to the,Great Wall several times. (be),Exercise,wrote,has taken,had,been,4.,The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow.,(be),5.,The headmaster hopes everything _,well.,(go),6.,Tom says that they _,_,_,_,_ (play),.,basketball at six oclock yesterday evening.,7.,I hear they _,_,_ (return) it already.,8.,He said that they _ members of the,Party since 1948. (be),will,be,goes,were playing,have returned,had been,宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：,连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,When will he go to the library?,His brother asks when,he will go to,the,library .,His brother asks when,will he go to,the,library .,What does he want to buy ?,I dont know what,he wants to,buy .,I dont know what,does he want to,buy .,1) could / would,是委婉语气, 而不是过去式,因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。,4. 注意事项,Could you please tell me where we show our,tickets ?,Could you tell us which gate we have to go to?,Would you like to know when he will come,back?,2) 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时, 连词不可能,是that; 如果主句的谓语动词是say时,连词用that。,She says (,that,) she will leave a message on,his desk.,He said (,that,) he was going to take care of,the child.,He asks,if,I like playing the piano.,You may ask the man over there,how,you,can get to the bus station.,3) 否定的转移,: 若主语谓语动词为think,consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess,imagine等, 其后的宾语从句若含有否定,意义, 一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。,I dont,think,this dress fits you well.,我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。,4) It 常可以放在动词think, find, consider,believe, feel, make等后作形式宾语：it 不,仅可以作形式主语, 还可以作形式宾语而,真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾，特别是,在带复合宾语的句子中。,We heard,it that,she would get married,next month.,5) 连词 if 和 when 在不同从句中的区别：,C,Do you know if _back next week? If,he _ back, please let me know.,he comes, will come,will he come, comes,C. he will come, comes,D. he will come, will come,I dont know when he _ (come).,I cant wait here any more. When he _,(come), would you please ask him to call,me?,will,come,comes,1.The young man asked _ its summer or,winter.,A. either B. that C. weather D. whether,2.We dont know _ they did it.,A. how B. who C. what D. which,3. The teacher asks us _ Jim can come back,on time.,A. that B. if C. when D. what time,D,A,B,单项选择,4. Does anybody know _ we will have a,sports meeting this weekend or not .,A. if B. where C. whether D. that,5. Could you show me _ ?,A. how can I get to the station,B. where is the station,C. how I could get to the station,D. how I can reach the station,C,D,6. Please tell me _.,A. what does he like B. what he does like,C. what he likes D. what he like,7. My sister told him _ .,A. what day was it B. when the train arrived,C. who she was waiting D. where did you live,8. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see,_.,A. who is he B. who he is,C. who is it D. who it is,C,B,D,9. Could you tell me how long _?,A. you have bought the watch,B. you have kept this science book,C. have you been away from China,D. have you been a member of Greener China,10. He says that if it _ tomorrow, he,_ fishing.,A. will rain, wont go B. rained, wasnt go,C. rains, wont go D. rain, will go,B,C,
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