人机工程简介英文版

Cliquez pour modifier le style de texte du masque,Second niveau,Troisime niveau,Quatrime niveau,Cinquime niveau,25,An introduction to Ergonomics,G&I / Industrial Deployment,Increase Health & Safety,Become a consistent benchmark in Health & Safety,20% reduction in lost days,Manifest on health & safety,Attention to health issues,Improvement to safety records,The design of manufacturing system should be adjusted to the human particularity in applying the ergonomics knowledge from experience,Ergonomics is matching,the job to the worker,and,product to the user,. Ergonomics and human factors are often used interchangeably in workplaces.,Both describe the interaction between the worker and the job demands. The difference between them is:,ergonomics focuses on how work affects workers,human factors emphasizes designs that reduce the potential for human error.,ISO 638,Occupational,Safety & Health,Administration,Ergonomics definition,Physical ergonomics,Rests on the underlying scientific field of anthropometrics (human measurement). Although anthropometrics still has unanswered questions, its still true human physical characteristics are predictable and objectively measurable.,Psychological ergonomics,Explores design issues in terms of cognitive psychology, cognitive work load, human error, the way humans perceived their surrounding and, very important, the task they choose to undertake. Their issues of user experience are less predictable and less objectively measurable.,Ergonomics fields,XBT design,positive actions on the right,negative actions on the left,Setup buttons are,of different colors,To move the cursor to the right the control is on the right side of the product and opposite for the left control,Size of the buttons according,to the finger tip size,Important information,are larger and bolded,Matching the product to the user :,example,Cognitive ergonomics, on the other hand, focuses on the fit between human cognitive abilities and limitations and the machine, task, environment, etc.,* Cognition,is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspect such as awareness, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, creativity, judgment and problem solving.,Matching the product to the user or the job to the worker :,example,designing a software interface to be easy to use,designing a sign so that the majority of people will understand and act in the intended manner,designing traffic light to prevent from accident on the road,Examples :,Matching the product to the user or the job to the worker :,Cognitive,Physiology,In some respects, the body is analogous to an automobile.,In the human machine, muscles are both cylinders and pistons, while bones and joints correspond to gears and drive shafts.,The muscles oxidize nutrients (fuel) to produce energy and generate metabolic byproducts (waste).,Physiology studies this energy conversion process that can reduce fatigue and improve worker stamina.,Matching the job to the worker :,Physiology,Biomechanics,It studies the mechanical forces in human movement.,Its principles can help to minimize damage to muscles, joints, and tissues.,This damage may come from a one-time force, such as lifting an object that is too heavy or moving an object from an awkward position.,Damage also can come from an accumulation of small, repetitive forces-,Work Musculo-Skeletal Disorders,Matching the job to the worker :,Biomechanics,Anthropometry,It studies the dimensions, weights, and strengths of the human body.,This data helps to design effective workstations and spaces.,Population,Dimension,Matching the job to the worker :,Anthropometry,Source of energy,Work involved sheer muscle power,(digging, lifting, hauling and like),Most primitive level of economy,Tool handling,Work involved manual dexterity, ability to control,Industrial revolution,Process management,Supervision & regulation,Work involved analytical reasoning, ability to solve problem,Operating machinery,Work,supervised,Work,empowered,The evolution of job elements,Self control system,operator,organizer,Handicraft,organizer,operator,Few self control,Manufacturing,to,The evolution of work organization,When the job design ignores the basic needs of the human body (and individual workers), work can cause discomfort in the short term and can eventually lead to severe and chronic health problems (OSHA),Improving quality,Ergonomics,Improving efficiency,Increasing health,Increasing safety,Employee satisfaction,Work related health problem,W,ork-related,M,usculo-,S,keletal,D,isorder :,UK - RSI - : repetitive strain injuries,US - RTD - : repetitive trauma disorders,Wrist,Elbow,Shoulder,Back,WMSDs definition,Repetitiveness,Vibration,Posture,Strain,Work factors,WMSDs factors: job demands,Human factors,Health,Habits,Age,Stress *,* Stress (roughly the opposite of relaxation) is a medical term for a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological, which can cause a physiological response called the general adaptation syndrome,WMSDs factors: human particularity,DEMANDS,CAPABILITY,Human,Work,Out of work,DEMANDS_,CAPABILITY,= RISK,WMSDs factors: risk factors,nerves,muscle,: effort capacity,cramps, breaking,ligament,dislocation,sprain (pulled ligament),tendon,tendinitis,- overuse,Synovia skin,:,arthritis - inflammation,Nerves network,compression,carpal tunnel syndrome,Blood,bursa,: facilitate tendon & skin movements,bursite,(inflammation),capsule,waterproofness,cartilage,osteoarthritis - cartilage destruction,Synovia,lubrication,WMSDs description,Motion,analysis,codification,Time,predetermination,Good understanding of,the,ergonomics workload,in analyzing the motions:,- repetitiveness,- distance,- effort,- difficulty,- objective,Ergonomics / MTM in process design,Standards,MTM,Objective,Line balancing,Optimization,motion,equipment,process,Ergonomics,Working,conditions,Process design,Ergonomics / MTM in process design,Human resources,Engineering,Task requirement,(posture, tools, effort, ),Working conditions,(hours, surroundings,autonomy, .),Task,Physiological,(age, size,visual capability, ),Psychological,(motivation, stress,autonomy capability ),Operator,WORK EFFECTS,Health,(tiredness, strain,stress, happiness,motivation ),Product output,On time delivery,Quality targeted,WORK RESULTS,STRATEGY,Operator strategy,Operating method,Adaptation to the result,Adaptation to the effects,Operator capability modification,Improve the understanding of how the working condition arrived at its current state.,Ergonomics system analysis,Analysis example,:,a clerk has to typewrite a letter using a PC,- Workbench,:,the PC stands on a table at 700 mm height and the screen at 1100 mm height. Operator posture seated,2 - Operator,:,the physical capability and manual dexterity are good but she needs to practice,3 - Work Results,:,the manager is not satisfied, typewrite the letter is to long and there are few mistakes,4 - Adaptation to the results,:,due to the remarks from the manager the operator tries to speed up, changes her working Strategy,5 - Work Effects,:,the operator begins to feel some pain in the wrist and in the neck due to the working posture and stress,6 - Adaptation to the effects,:,the operator tries to change of posture but she cannot because of the station design,7 - Operator capability adaptation,:,due to the pain in her limb, the operators capability is reduced,8 - Adaptation to the results,:,the operator tries to speed up again,9 - Work result,:,more and more mistakes in typewriting, the manager is not satisfied,10 - Work effects,:,the physical strain and the psychological stress increase,Without a good training for the operator and a new layout of the workbench,the situation will get worse,Ergonomics system,Analysis procedure,Workbench :,to audit the workstation design ( Schneider ergonomics handbook) and to check the MTM analysis (objectives),.,Operator :,to evaluate the operators physical capability, skill, know-how, motion efficiency,.,Work Results :,to see the performance records (Quality, On Time Delivery, Efficiency),Work Effects :,to interview some operators, how does she / he feet the effects of his / her work (tiredness, accidents, moral),Strategy :,to observe the current task and record the differences from the work instructions,.,Systemic analysis :,to analyze the working strategy and the working conditions, operators capability, work effects and results,Set up an action plan to settle the problems and evaluate the result afterward,Ergonomics system,Layout,Equipment,Vision,Controls,Lightning,Thermal,Noise,Anthropometric,Posture,Working zone,Accessibility,Cycle time,Movements,Carrying load,Exerted force,from standards ISO / EN .,from rules and regulation,from experience,Ergonomics rules,ERGONOMIC EVALUATION,0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,WORKLOAD,ENVIRONMENT,DESIGN,ORGANISATION,RESULTS,EFFECTS,Risk management in ergonomics is simple and straightforward:,Identify ergonomic issues, evaluate tasks associated with those issues, and control exposures where task requirements exceed human capabilities.,Managing risks begins with the recognition of ergonomic issues, the hassles and barriers to productivity that are present in many manufacturing jobs.,Youre Lean, but are You Safer?,Incorporate expert ergonomics analyses into,your Lean Processes,Ergonomics diagnosis,