1-Austin's-Speech-Act-Theory

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Pragmatics,Unit 1,Austins Speech Act Theory,To say something is in the full normal sense to do something. (J. Austin,How to do Things with Words,),Speech Act Theory originated with John Austin,Oxford University 1952-1954,The William James lectures in Harvard 1955,1952,年开始讲授他的理论，,1955,年在美国做威廉,詹姆斯（,William James,）讲座时，对原有讲义做了进一步修改，并把题目,Words and Deeds,（,言与行,）改为,How to Do Things with Words,（,如何以言行事,），在他去世后才出版。,Austin challenges the descriptive fallacy of logical,positivism,（逻辑实证主义）,which held that a sentence is not meaningful unless it can be verified, i.e., tested for its truth or falsity,A speech act is an utterance conceived as an act by which the speaker does something.,言语行为是说话人用来行事的话语。,Austins SAT was developed by J. Searle,Contents,1.1 Words and deeds,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,1.4 (Illocutionary) Speech acts classified,1.1 Words and deeds,There is no clear-cut boundary between speaking and acting,Saying is acting; that is, words are deeds,E.g.,Congratulations!,In producing an utterance, we are performing an action. This action needs to be performed in accordance with social conventions and institutions,1.1 Words and deeds,Two types of sentences classified by Austin,Performatives,(,施为句,): The uttering of the sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action (,实施某种行为,). They cannot be said to be true or false (,没有真假可言,).,E.g. I,name,this ship the Queen Elizabeth.,Verbs like,name,is called,performative,verbs (,施为动词,).,1.1 Words and deeds,Two types of sentences classified by Austin,Constatives,(,表述句,): The type of sentences which is a description/ statement of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking (,对说话时所做的事情进行描述,). They can be true or false.,E.g. I pour some liquid into the tube.,1.1 Words and deeds,The term Speech Acts was initially invented to portray the actions accomplished via,performative,utterances,Speech acts also cover,constative,verbs,Speech acts are considered to be the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,3 types of,performative,Explicit,performative,显性施为句,Implicit,performative,隐性施为句,Embedded,performative,内嵌施为句,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Explicit,performative,显性施为句,E.g.,I promise Ill come here tomorrow on time.,这种句子直接表明言有所为，它采用陈述句的方式，显性施为句必须有施为（行事）动词如,bet,、,promise,、,warn,、,challenge,、,dare,、,nominate,、,advise,、,apologize,等,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Explicit,performative,显性施为句,First-person subject, simple present tense, indicative mood, active voice, and a,performative,verb,E.g.,a. I challenge you to a match.,b. I dare you to step over this line.,c. I nominate John Brown for chairman of the committee.,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Explicit,performative,显性施为句,An explicit,performative,can be tested by the insertion of,hereby,E.g.I,hereby promise Ill come here tomorrow on time.,Problem,I (hereby) request you to close the door,Will you close the door?/Can you close the door?/ Do you mind closing the,door?Id,like you to close the door.,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Implicit,performative,隐性施为句,这种施为句无须施为动词，就可以表达“有所为之言”,E.g.,You may go now.,(= I permit you to go now.),Guilty! (= I pronounce you guilty!),Go away! (=I order you to go away.),由于隐性施为句没有明确的施为动词,所以它所实施的言语行为可能会有不同的理解，如：,Ill be there.,(=I promise to be there;,=I warn you Ill be there.),1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Implicit,performative,隐性施为句,这种施为句无须施为动词，就可以表达“有所为之言”,E.g.,You may go now.,(= I permit you to go now.),Guilty! (= I pronounce you guilty!),Go away! (=I order you to go away.),1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Implicit,performative,隐性施为句,由于隐性施为句没有明确的施为动词,所以它所实施的言语行为可能会有不同的理解，如：,Ill be there.,(=I promise to be there;,=I warn you Ill be there.),1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Implicit,performative,隐性施为句,Implicit,performative,vs.,constative,Constative,is implicit,performative,expressing statement, inquiry, command or,praisal,表述句在具体的语境中同时也是一些表达言语行为的施为句，作为表述句，以言指事，作为施为句，它是以言行事,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Embedded,performative,内嵌施为句,在某些情况下，虽然施为动词不充当句子的主要动词，但它们实施行为的功能没有丧失，这就是内嵌施为句。,a、,意愿动词,(,如,regret,，,wish,，,please,等,),作为主句动词，从属分句的施为动词仍具实施行为的功能。如：,(1) I wish to announce that,I,promise,to be there tomorrow.,(2) I regret that I must,inform,you to leave.,b,、某些结构后接的不定式如果是施为动词，其实施为动词的功能也仍然存在。,(1) I am glad to,inform,you of your promotion.,(2) Let me be the first to,congratulate,you.,1.2 Properties of an explicit,performative,utterance,Problems of,performative,and,constative,division,A,performative,verb is not intrinsically necessary for an utterance to be,performative,Constative,can be implicit,performative,E.g.,The dog is there.,I tell/warn you that the dog is there,1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,All utterances in communication are explicit or implicit performances of certain acts,When language is put to use in context by a user, it turns into an instance of act rather than merely an instance of the abstract language,Language users, rather than language per se, perform acts, and they often do so via the use of,language.,1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,A,performative,verb is not intrinsically necessary for an utterance to be,performative,The presence of a,performative,verb does not necessarily make an utterance itself,performative,in the way indicated by the verb,E.g.,Peter, Mary thank you.,1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,According to Austin (1962), there are three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something:,locutionary,act (,发话行为,), illocutionary act (,行事行为；施为性行为,) and,perlocutionary,act (,取效行为,).,These three kinds of acts are performed simultaneously.,1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,Locutionary,act (,发话行为,) the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning,When we speak, we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning.,Eg,. Morning! (What did he do?),1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,Illocutionary act (,行事行为；施为性行为,) the action intended to be performed by a speaker in uttering a linguistic expression, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it, either explicitly or implicitly,In other words, when we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces.,Eg,. Morning! (What did he do?),1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,Perlocutionary,act (,取效行为,)the bringing about of consequences or effects on the audience through the uttering of a linguistic expression. It is concerned with the consequential,effcets,of a locution upon the hearer.,By telling sb.,sth,. the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on,sth,., or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do,sth,., etc. Whether or not the effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed.,1.3 Locution, illocution, and,perlocution,Illocutionary acts that utterances are intended to perform, or speech acts in a loose sense, are the focus of the pragmatic study,force and meaning,语力和意义,According to Austin, force is distinguished from meaning, with the latter used in a narrow sense, or what we called the more constant, inherent side of meaning. (p. 175),Thus, force, or illocutionary force, may be said to be equivalent to speakers meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning, and may translated into Chinese as “,言外之意”,.,1.4 Speech acts classified,Illocutionary speech acts fall into 5 types,(pp.22-23),Verdictives,裁决类,Exercitives,施权类,Commissives,承诺类,Behabitives,表态类,Expositives,说明类,