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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,*,Progressive Writing,by,Jessie Yao,Chapter 1,The Paragraph,Content,Introduction,The Topic Sentence,The Concluding Sentence,Unity,Coherence,2024/9/29,2,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,I. Introduction,Q: What is a paragraph?,a basic,unit,of organization,in writing,develops,one,main idea,;,stand by itself, or:,be,part,of a longer piece of writing,.,Content,Form,2024/9/29,3,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,I. Introduction,1. Pretest:,Read and answer: page 2, model writing.,A: (1),Topic,sentence.,(2),Concluding,sentence.,(3),Supporting,sentences.,(4),Transitional,words.,(5),One,.,2024/9/29,4,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,I. Introduction,Construction of a paragraph:,Transitional words,One main idea,2024/9/29,5,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,I. Introduction,Functions of each element:,TW,the main idea of the paragraph,: naming & controling,develop the t,s: reasons, facts, egs. statistics, quotations etc.,signals the end,; restates,important points to remember,link ss, show logic,2024/9/29,6,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,I. Introduction,5 Elements of a paragraph:,The,topic,sentence;,Supporting,sentences;,The,concluding,sentence;,Transitional words, aka,cherence,;,The main idea, aka,unity,.,Exercises: page4,C E A D B,2024/9/29,7,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,1. Pretest:,Read and answer: page 5,Topic sentences:,2, 5, 8, 9,Q: Why and in what ways are the others unfit for topic sentences?,Three important characteristics,2024/9/29,8,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,2. Three important characteristics:,A,complete sentence,;,The importance of communication.,Communications is important between family members.,C,ontains both a,topic,and a,controlling idea,;,There are different opinions.,There are different opinions about . even among experts.,Different opinions arise from different sides people take.,T,he,most general,statement in the paragraph,.,2024/9/29,9,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.,American food is terrible.,American food is terrible,in two ways.,American food is tasteless and greasy.,Review:,Three essential points,主题句必须是一个,完整的句子,由,主题词,和,主题思想的表述,两部分,构成,只是一种,概括性,的陈述而不提供具体的细节,2024/9/29,10,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,3.,Position of Topic,S,entences,At the,beginning,of a paragraph;,At the,end,of a paragraph;,Implied,.,eg,: page 6-7,Exercises,: page 7,Para. 1:,C,A,D,B,Para,.,2:,B,G,E,A,D C,F,Para,.,3:,D,B,E,A,F,C,Para,.,4:,B,E,F,C,A,D,G,2024/9/29,11,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,4.,The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,Topic,Controlling idea,to name the subject, or main idea,to make a specific comment about the topic, which indicates what the rest of the paragraph will say about the topic,2024/9/29,12,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,eg:,Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit,.,It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a large city.,Exercises: page 9,Topic,Controlling Idea,Topic,Controlling Idea,2024/9/29,13,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,5.,Writing,T,opic,S,entence,s,Two points:,be neither,too general,nor,too specific,;,avoid,too many,unrelated,ideas,.,San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attractions, and its cosmopolitan atmosphere.,Exercises: page 11,2024/9/29,14,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,II. The Topic Sentence,Exercises: page 11:,Para,.,1,: American English takes in a lot of foreign words.,Para,.,2,: The educational system in European universities is quite different from that in American universities.,Para,.,3,: People usually use local materials available to build their homes.,Para,.,4,: There are many similarities between doctors and teachers.,2024/9/29,15,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,III. The Concluding Sentence,Optional, not required.,Functions,:,signals the,end,of the paragraph.,summarizes the,main points,of the paragraph.,gives a final,comment,on the topic and leaves the reader with the most,important ideas,to think about.,2024/9/29,16,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,III. The Concluding Sentence,Ways of writing a concluding sentence:,E,g1:,Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning.,For example,.,Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.,Paraphrasing 同义改写,2024/9/29,17,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,III. The Concluding Sentence,E,g2:,Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.,First of all, gold has,.,Another important characteristic of gold is,.,In conclusion,gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.,Summerizing the main points 总结要点,2024/9/29,18,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,III. The Concluding Sentence,End-of-paragraph signals:,To sum up,In sum,Hence,To conclude,In the end,In a word,All in all,.,2024/9/29,19,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,III. The Concluding Sentence,Exercises: page 13:,Para,.,1,:,Paraphrasing,:,In short, you need first be an attentive listener before becoming a good speaker.,Summarizing,:,In summary, good manners in listening, such as attention, not being interruptive, and body language, can be as important in a conversation as speaking itself.,2024/9/29,20,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,III. The Concluding Sentence,Exercises: page 13:,Para,.,2:,Paraphrasing,:,Thus, modern corporate workers are constantly under great pressure as a result of the advance in,communication technology,.,Summarizing,:,Therefore, the corporate workers often get overworked and feel frustrated in dealing with the overwhelming messages made possible by the modern communication technology.,2024/9/29,21,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,IV.,Unity,1. Pretest:,Read and answer: page 14,Para,.1,:,Topic sentence:,Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry.,Irrelevant sentence:,People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations.,2024/9/29,22,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,IV.,Unity,Para,.2,:,Topic sentence:,Daredevil sports are also becoming popular.,Irrelevant sentence:,Soccer is also becoming popular in the United States, where it was not well known until recently.,2024/9/29,23,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,IV.,Unity,2. Important Points of Unity,Unity,：,only one main idea,is discussed,every supporting sentence must,directly,explain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic sentence.,eg: page 15-17,Best one:,Topic sentence:,para. 2,The first sentence,2024/9/29,24,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,IV.,Unity,Problem with para.1:,Mothers can give the HIV virus to,.,75 to 85 percent of infections.,Problem with para.2:,There is evidence that in the United States, the United Kingdom,.,at least among males.,Although there is no cure for HIV-AIDS, new medicines are available that prolong the lives of people with HIV.,A new topic,Irrelevant sentences,2024/9/29,25,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,IV.,Unity,Exercises：page 17,The first sentence of each paragraph:,1) Logic, which is basis of rhetoric, .,2),English,logic and English rhetoric, .,3) A type of construction found in,Arabic,and,Persian,writing.,4) Some,Asian,writers,.,.,5),Spanish,rhetoric,.,.,6),In summary,.,2024/9/29,26,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,IV.,Unity,Exercises：page 18,para. 1:,Topic sentences:,1) The question iswhich language?,2) That day is decades away, however, because .,Irrelevant sentences:,1) His company spends $200 million .,2) Computer spelling checkers .,2024/9/29,27,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,IV.,Unity,para. 2:,Topic sentences:,1) Even when you try to be polite, .,2) Although Americans are usually very direct in social matters, .,Irrelevant sentences:,1) American meals are usually more informal .,2) Idioms are often difficult .,2024/9/29,28,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,1. Pretest:,Read and compare: page 19,Translation 2 is better because:,the use of,transitional,words;,the use of grammatical,structure,words;,the use of,logic,words (pronouns and nouns);,the use of proper,tense,/,mood,.,2024/9/29,29,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,2. Comparison Between English and Chinese Writing in Coherence,Coherence,：,being connected,naturally,and,logically,by a common principle,Coherence in,English,Chinese,Emphasizes,Achieved by,Nature,form,meaning,transitional, structural, logic words,context, no explicit words,hypotaxis,parataxis,2024/9/29,30,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,Th,ree ways to achieve coherence,in English:,1. Repeating,key,nouns.,2. Using,pronouns,that refer back to key nouns.,3. Using,transition,signals.,2024/9/29,31,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,3. Repetition of Key Nouns,Consecutive use of key nouns and pronouns.,Read and count: Model 1,_ gold,_ it,_ its,Exercise: Read and repalce, page 21,7,2,3,12 words refering to gold,2024/9/29,32,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,English has almost become an international language. Except for Chinese, more people speak it than any other language. Spanish is the official language of more countries in the world, but more countries have it as their official or unofficial second language. More than 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in it. It is the primary language on the Internet.,2024/9/29,33,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,In international business, it is used more than any other language, and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic controllers all over the world. Moreover, although French used to be the language of diplomacy, it has displaced it throughout the world. Therefore, unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it is a useful language to know.,2024/9/29,34,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,Exercise: Read and repalce, page 22,Dolphines are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. For example, they display the human emotions of joy and sadness. During training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. When they make a mistake, however, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. Furthermore, they help each other when they are in trouble.,2024/9/29,35,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,If one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. They push it to the surface of the water so that it can bearthe. They stay with it for days or weeks until it recovers or dies. They have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. They are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the US Navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.,2024/9/29,36,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,4. Use of Consistent Pronouns,Two donts:,Dont change from,you,to,he,or,she,(,change of person,),Dont change,from,he,to,they,(,change of number,).,Exercise: Read and repalce, page 22,2024/9/29,37,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and mentally. First of all, if you hope to compete in an Olympic sport, you must be physically strong. Furthermore, an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously for many years. For the most demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for ten or more years. In addition to being physically strong, he or she must also be mentally tough.,2024/9/29,38,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,This means that you have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often giving up a normal school, family, and social life. Being mentally strong also means that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure of international competition with its attendant media coverage. Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so they must possess the inner strength to live with defeat.,2024/9/29,39,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,5. Transition,s,Transitions are,signals,used to show the precise,relationship,between ideas.,Go,Slow,Stop,Similar Idea,O,pposite,I,dea,C,onclusion,similarly,moreover,furthermore,in addition,on the other hand,however,in contrast,in conclusion,to sum up,2024/9/29,40,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,Other types of transitional words/phrases:,example,:,for example;,for instance;,take . as an example; .,result,:,as a result;,consequently;,thereby; .,Remember,: never too,many, nor too,few,.,2024/9/29,41,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,Exercise: Read, compare and underline, page 23,The more coherent one:,para.2,Transitional signals:,Another, For example, First of all, therefore, consequently, Furthermore,2024/9/29,42,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,6. Types of Transition,al,Signals,T,hree,groups by grammatical function:,Sentence connectors;,Clause connectors;,coordinating,conjunctions;,subordinating,conjunctions.,Others.,Further categorized in,meaning/function,. See page24-25,2024/9/29,43,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,Read and study:,Learn mo,re about the usage of each type and finish the,exercise 4,on page 29：,The “womens lib” movement toward greater equality for women has produced some permanent changes in the vocabulary of English. New words have been added. The words,feminist,sexist, and,male chauvinist,have become common during the past thirty-five years or so. Another new word is the title,Ms,.,Firstly,For example,2024/9/29,44,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,which is often used in place of both,Miss,and,Mrs.,A change is that sexist title of many occupations have been neutralized.,A,Chairman,is now a,chairperson,(or sometimes simply,chair,), a,waiter/waitress,is now a,w,aitperson,and a high school or college,freshman,is now a,first-year student,. A,mailman,is,now a,mail carrier, and an airline,stewardess,is now a,flight attendant,. In time English pronouns may also change as a result of womens desire for,sencond,For instance,Moreover,Finally,2024/9/29,45,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,V. Coherence,equality.,Attempts to give equal treatment to masculine and feminine pronouns in English have led to the search for a new pronoun form to replace he (such as,he/she,or,she/he,) when referring to neutral nouns like,student,and,manager,. Some of the new words such as,Ms.,are quite useful; you can use,Ms.,to address a woman when you dont know if she is married. The lack of a clear neutral pronoun can lead to awkward sentence construction.,Nevertheless,2024/9/29,46,by,Jessie Yao, HUEL,Thank you!,
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