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,An Appreciation, 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.,McGraw-Hill,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,II,The Middle Ages and Renaissance,Time-Line,Rome sacked by Vandals455,Beowolf,c. 700,First Crusade1066,Black Death1347-52,Joan of Arc executed by English1431,Middle Ages (450-1450),Renaissance (1450-1600),Guttenberg Bible1456,Columbus reaches America1492,Leonardo,da,Vinci:,Mona Lisa,c. 1503,Michelangelo:,David,1504,Time-Line,Raphael:,School of Athens,1505,Martin Luthers,95 Theses,1517,Shakespeare:,Romeo and Juliet,1596,The Middle Ages,Period of wars and mass migration,Strong class distinctions,Nobility: castles, knights in armor, feasting,Peasantry: lived in huts, serfspart of land,Clergy: ruled everyone, only monks literate,Architecture,Early: Romanesque,Visual Arts,Stressed iconic/symbolic, not realism,Late Middle Ages saw technological progress,Late: Gothic,The Middle Ages,The Renaissance,Rebirth of human learning and creativity,Time of great explorers,Humanism,Fascination w/ ancient Greece & Rome,The Renaissance,Mythology is favorite subject,Nude body, as in ancient times, is shown,Visual art becomes more realistic,Weakening of the Catholic Church,Education & literacy now status symbol,Result of invention of printing press,David,by Michelangelo,Corbis,Chpt. 1: Music in the Middle Ages,Church dominates musical activity,Music primarily vocal and sacred,Instruments not used in church,Women did not sing in mixed church settings,Most musicians were priests,Gregorian Chant,Was official music of Roman Catholic Church,Flexible rhythm without meter and beat,Monophonic melody set to Latin text,Named for Pope Gregory I (r. 590-604),Originally no music notation system,No longer common since 2nd Vatican Council,Notation developed over several centuries (see p. 68),The Church Modes,“Otherworldly soundbasis of Gregorian Chant,Different and whole steps than modern scales,Middle Ages and Renaissance use these scales,Some Western Music uses these scale patterns,What Do You Do With a Drunken Sailor?,Dorian mode,When Johnny Comes Marching Home,Aeolian mode,Listening,Alleluia: Vidimus stellam,(We Have Seen His Star),Listening Outline: p. 70,Brief set, CD 1:47,Listen for:Gregorian Chant (Latin language),Many notes per syllable of text,Monophonic texture,Ternary formA B A,Listening,O Successores,(You Successors),Hildegard of Bingen,Listening Guide: p. 72,Brief Set, CD 1:50,Chant,Originally written without accompaniment,This recording includes a,drone,long, sustained notes,Note extended range of melody,Written for nuns by a nun,(to be sung in convent),Troubadours (southern France) and,Secular Music in the Middle Ages,Nobles wrote poems/songs for court use,Trouveres (northern France),Topics: courtly love, Crusades, dancing,Performed by jongleurs (minstrels),Estampie,Medieval (Middle Ages) dance music,Notated as chant: only a single melody line,Triple meter with strong beat (for dancing),Listening exampleBrief Set, CD 1:51,Performers probably improvised accompaniment,This performance played on,period instruments,Melody played on,rebec,(bowed string instrument and,pipe,(tubular wind instrument),Drone on,psaltery,(plucked or struck string instrument),Between 700-900 a 2nd line added to chant,The Development of Polyphony: Organum,900-1200 added line grew more independent,Contrary motion, then later a separate melodic curve,c. 1100 note-against-note motion abandoned,2 lines w/ individual rhythmic and melodic content,New part, in top voice, moved faster than the chant line,Additional part initially improvised, not written,Paralleled chant line at a different pitch,School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm,Parisian composers developed a rhythmic notation,Medieval thought was that interval of 3rd dissonant,Modern chords built of 3rds are now considered consonant,Chant notation had only indicated pitch, not rhythm,Writing with notated rhythm came to be called the Notre Dame style,Notre Dames choirmasters Leonin & Perotin were leaders,Notre Dame Cathedral,Corbis,Composers wrote music not based on chant,14th Century Music: “New Art In France,New music notation system had developed,New system allowed for better rhythmic notation,Syncopation, now possible, became common,The new type of music was called,ars nova,Borrowed secular melodies to put in sacred music,Guillaume de Machaut,Also famous as a poet,Though a priest, spent most of life working at court,Wrote both sacred and secular music,Mid- to late-14th Century composer (1300-1377),Best known for his,Notre Dame Mass,Listening,Puis quen oubli sui de vous,(,Since I am forgotten by you;,around 1363),by Guillaume de Machaut,Vocal Music Guide: p. 78,Brief Set, CD 1:52,Listen for:Melancholy feel,Rondeau,form (8 lines, ab aa ab ab,),Syncopation,Interpretation (3 notated lines, 1 text),Listening,Agnus Dei,from,Notre Dame,Mass,by Guillaume de Machaut,Vocal Music Guide: p. 79,Brief Set, CD 1:53,14,th,Century, part of mass,ordinary,Polyphonic4 voices (parts),Ternary form: A B A (form results from the text),Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: miserere nobis,Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: miserere nobis,Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: dona nobis pacem,Performance Profile: Andrew Parrott-conductor,Listen for conductors,interpretation,use of solo voices, and attempt to create an historically accurate performance,Chapter 2: Music in the Renaissance,Church choirs grew in size (all male),Women did not sing in mixed church settings,Musical center shifted from Church to courts,Court composers wrote secular & sacred music,Rise of the individual patron,Musicians: higher status & pay than before,Italy became music capital in 16th Century,Composers became known for their work,Worked throughout Europe, especially in Italy,Many composers were Franco-Flemish,Other important centers: Germany, England & Spain,Words and Music,Characteristics of Renaissance Music,Vocal music more important than instrumental,Word painting/text painting,Polyphonic,Instruments, if present, doubled the vocal parts,Texture,Primarily vocal-,a cappella,Rhythm and Melody,Rhythm “flows and overlaps,Composers less concerned with metrical accents,Smooth, stepwise melodies predominate,Melodies overlap rhythmically between voices,Sacred Music in the Renaissance,Two main forms:,Short polyphonic choral work,Latin text usually overlaid with vernacular text,Often borrows lowest voice part from a chant,Motet,Massthe Catholic worship service,Long work that includes 5 main parts of service,Kyrie,Gloria,Credo,Sanctus,Agnus Dei,Josquin Desprez,His work influenced other composers,Was highly praised by Martin Luther,1440-1521 (contemporary of Columbus &,da,Vinci),Wrote both sacred and secular music,Worked with the Papal Choir in Rome,Worked for King Louis XII of France,Leading composer of his timefamous while alive,Listening,Ave MariaVirgo Serena,Josquin Desprez,Vocal Music Guide: p. 84,Brief Set, CD 1:56,Listen for:Four voices,Polyphonic imitation,Overlapping voice parts,Palestrina,Culmination of the Renaissance (1525-1594),Music director at St. Peters,Worked primarily in Rome,His work became the model for mass composers,Worked during and after Council of Trent,Wrote music meeting demands of Trent,Council of Trent (1545-1563) addressed:,Abuses & malpractice within Church,Emerging Protestantism,Role of music in worship,Some advocated a return to monophonic music,Finally decided on non-theatrical worship music,Palestrina,Listening,Pope Marcellus,Mass (1562-63),Kyrie,by Palestrina,Vocal Music Guide: p. 87,Brief Set, CD 1:59,Six voices,Polyphonic imitation w/ overlapping voice parts,Text:,Kyrie eleison,Christe eleison,Kyrie eleison,Secular Music in the Renaissance,Madrigal,Extensive use of text painting,Intended for amateur performers (after dinner music),English madrigal lighter & simpler,Originated in Italy,Printing,Printing,Printing,Printing,Printed in part-book or opposing-sheet format,Listening,As Vesta was Descending (1601),by Thomas Weelkes,Vocal Music Guide: p. 89,Brief Set, CD 1:62,Follow text (English) throughout song,Note text painting:,Pitches rise on “ascending,Pitches fall on “descending,“Running down,“Two by two, “three by three, “all alone,Instrumental Music,Still subordinate to vocal music,Increasingly, instruments accompanied voices,Sometimes played adapted vocal music alone,Published music stated that various parts of the music could be sung or played,Dancing became ever more popular during the Renaissance,Purely instrumental music existed almost exclusively for dancing,Distinction between loud outdoor instruments and softer indoor ones,Composers did not specify instrumentation,Listening,Passamezzo and Galliard,by Pierre Francisque Caroubel,From,Terpsichore,(1612) by Michael Praetorius,Listening Guide: p. 91,Basic Set, CD 1:81,Renaissance dance music,Dances frequently played in pairs,Passamezzo in duple meter (form: a a b b c c),Galliard in triple meter (form: a a b b c c a b c),Instrumentation not specified in written music,
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