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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,财务报表粉饰与分析,黄世忠 教授,Ph.D CPA MBA,厦门大学管理学院副院长,电子邮件:,9/29/2024,1,讲 授 大 纲,美国上市公司报表粉饰概述,美国上市公司报表粉饰的典型手段,CFE调查报告总结的典型手段,AICPA最新审计准那么对舞弊的描述,SEC前主席Arthur Levitt的观点,审计总署GAO的调查,中国上市公司报表粉饰的典型手段,报表粉饰的传统手段,报表粉饰的现代手段,中国上市公司报表粉饰典型案例分析,财务报表分析框架Harward Model of F.S.A),附录:Sarbanes-Oxley Act,简要介绍该法案对独立董事的启示,特别是与CPA沟通应注意的问题,9/29/2024,2,Overview of Financial Fraud,9/29/2024,3,Biggest U.S Bankruptcies Since 1980,9/29/2024,4,Debts owned to Banks and Institutional Investors by WorldCom,(,Total Assets: BV $ 107 billion; MV $15 billion; Total Debts $41 billion,),$ in million,Bank & Trust,Amount,Institutional Investors,amount,JP Morgan Trust Co.,17,200.00,CALPERS,387.5,Deutsche Bank,240.25,Prudential,386.5,ABN Amco Bank,202.75,Metropolitan Life Insur.,300.3,Citibank,154.88,Vanguard,281.9,Fleet,150.00,Travelers Asset mgt.,270.1,Bank One,100.00,Northwest Invest. Mgt.,267.0,Mellon Bank,100.00,Alliance Capital Mgt.,253.9,Wells Fargo Bank,100.00,American Express F.A,212.4,JP Morgan Chase,6.00,Wellington Mgt.,212.1,9/29/2024,5,Merck Faked Revenue,9/29/2024,6,Financial Frauds and Independent Directors,Overview of financial frauds or earnings,management,其他公司,Microsoft, GE, IBM, Boeing, Lucent, Cisco, Oracle, AOL, Nortel, Qwest, Tyco, Global Crossing, Cendant, WMX, Sunbeam, Adelphia,公司名称,(事务所名称),舞弊种类,及金额,是否由AC,发现?,是否由,CPA发现?,独立懂事/,董事会人数,Enron (AA),虚增利润 6亿美元, 隐瞒负债30多亿美元,否,否,15/17,Xerox,(KPMG,),虚增利润15亿美元,否,否,7/9,Rite Aid,(,KPMG),虚增利润22亿美元,否,否,7/9,WorldCom,(AA),虚增利润93亿美元,否,否,9/11,9/29/2024,7,CFEs Classification Scheme,Fraud,Corruption,Asset,Misappropriation,Fraudulent,Statements,Conflicts of Interest,Bribery,Illegal Gratuities,Economic Extortion,Cash,Fraudulent,Disbursements,Inventories and,All Other Assets,Bogus Revenue,Timing Differences,Concealed L & E,Improper Disclosure,Improper Valuation,9/29/2024,8,CFE:,Duration of by Scheme Type,9/29/2024,9,CFE: Initial Detection of Fraud,发现舞弊方法及比例,雇员举报 26.3%,偶然发现 18.8%,内部控制 18.6%,内部审计 15.4%,外部审计 11.5%,客户举报 8.6%,匿名举报 6.2%,卖方举报 5.1%,执法部门通报,1.7%,9/29/2024,10,CFE:,Effective Measures to Prevent Fraud,9/29/2024,11,SAS 99,:,Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit,AICPA恢复公众信任的一个重大举措,2002.10.15,AICPA发布采纳SAS 99的决定,取代SAS 82 1996,自2002年12月15日生效,SAS将在2002年10月末或11月初正式公布,9/29/2024,12,Significant Changes in the New Fraud Standard,4个重大变化,进一步强调职业疑心Professional Skepticism)的重要性,对舞弊及其特征进行描述,要求审计小组应当直面舞弊,应当具有职业疑心的心态Mindset of PS)重大变化,实施意想不到的审计测试Unpredictable Audit Tests),对客户没料到的地区、场所和账户进行测试,对管理当局逾越控制Override of Control)作出反映,提出测试管理当局逾越控制的审计程序,9/29/2024,13,Description and Characteristics of Fraud,1个关键要素,舞弊是蓄意行为Intentional Behavior),舞弊是个法律概念,CPA不对某项行为是否属于舞弊作出法律决定,舞弊与过失的差异在于是否成心造成错报或漏报,实际工作中难以判断,如不合理会计估计Unreasonable Accounting Estimates),2种舞弊类型,虚假财务报告产生的错报,Misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting,挪用资产产生的错报,Misstatements arising from misappropriation of Assets,9/29/2024,14,Description and Characteristics of Fraud,3个必备条件,动机或压力,Management or employees have an incentive or are under pressure,时机,Circumstances exist (e.g. absence of control, ineffective control, ability of management to override controls) that provide an opportunity for a fraud to be perpetrated,理由,Those involved are able to rationalize a fraudulent act as being consistent with their personal code of ethics,9/29/2024,15,Triangle of Fraud,Albrecht el.al 提出的舞弊铁三角,Pressure,Opportunity,Rationalization,Fraud,9/29/2024,16,Arthur Levitts Comments on “ Number Game,5 Methods Game Playing identified by Levitt,Big-bath charges ( 洗大澡或巨额冲销,Creative acquisition accounting 创造性并购会计,Cook-jar reserves 甜饼盒式准备金,Revenue recognition 收入确认,Materiality 重大性,9/29/2024,17,GAO : Restatement by Reason, 1997-2002,9/29/2024,18,中国上市公司报表粉饰典型手段,报表粉饰的传统手段,收入确认,虚拟资产,期间费用资本化,股权投资,存货及应收账款,其他应收应付款,报表粉饰的现代手段,资产重组,关联交易,资产评估,补贴收入,八项准备,会计调整,9/29/2024,19,A公司的财务图象 (单位:万元,年度,净资产,主营收入,净利润,1999,20,709,6,757,20,010,2000,3,014,6,797,-16,585,2001,- 198,868,5,187,-225,724,9/29/2024,20,A公司 2001年度减值明细表(单位:万元,项 目,年初余额,本年增加数,本年转回数,年末余额,坏账准备,其中:应收账款,其他应收款,42,724,32,667,10,057,166,049,128,055,37,994,-,-,-,208,773,160,722,48,051,存货跌价准备,其中:原材料,12,606,10,855,14,953,12,572,83,83,27,476,23,344,长期投资减值准备,2,351,1,335,-,3,686,固定资产减值准备,-,7,657,-,7,657,在建工程减值准备,-,232,-,232,合 计,57,681,190,226,83,247,824,9/29/2024,21,三、A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,A公司对巨额坏账的解释,应收账款的坏账准备,关联公司,欠款单位名称,本年,增加,本年,余额,账龄,以前年度累计准备,本年计,提准备,累计坏,账准备,香港XX自行车,有限公司,19,298,59,816, 5 y,11,739,48,077,59,816,DB (HK) Co.Ltd,6,138,24,155, 5 y,1,808,22,347,24,155,XX国际 有限公司,-,13,940, 5 y,3,523,10,417,13,940,合 计,25,436,97,911,17,070,80,841,97,911,9/29/2024,22,A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,非关联方欠款:S Co.Ltd, Au Co.Ltd,其他出口经商商、国内客户,欠款单位名称,本年增加,本年欠款余额,账龄,以前年度累计准备,本年计提准备,累计坏账准备,S Co.Ltd*,4,822,9,793, 5 y,-,9,793,9,793,Au Co.Ltd,-,4,166, 5 y,-,4,166,4,166,其他出口经销商*,3,674,12,711, 5 y,123,12,588,12,711,国内客户*,-,35,648, 3 y,15,425,20,223,35,648,合 计,8,496,62,318,15,548,46,770,62,318,9/29/2024,23,A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,其他应收账款的坏账准备,关联公司,欠款单位名称,本年,增加,本年,余额,账龄,以前年度累计准备,本年计,提准备,累计坏,账准备,XX复合材料制品(深圳)公司,-,6,128, 5 y,-,6,128,6,128,深圳XX工贸发展有限公司,-,5,029, 5 y,1,807,3,222,5,029,香港XX自行车有限公司,-,3,089, 5 y,-,3,089,3,089,合 计,-,14,246,1,807,12,439,14,246,9/29/2024,24,A公司案例 - 巨额冲销,其他应收账款的坏账准备,非关联公司,欠款单位名称,本年,增加,本年,余额,账龄,以前年度累计准备,本年计,提准备,累计坏,账准备,S Co.Ltd*,-,22,004, 5 y,6,449,15,555,22,004,ML Co.Ltd *,-,3,006, 5 y,-,3,006,3,006,其他*,-,6,817, 3 y,1,762,5,055,6,817,合 计,-,31,827,8,211,23,616,31,827,9/29/2024,25,A公司的八大疑点,巨额坏账准备与以前年度收入确认的关系?,在本年度主营业务收入只有5187万元的情况下,为何本年度增加对关联方的应收账款竟到达25,436万元?,为何本年对非关联方增加的应收账款高达8496万元?,本年度对关联方的应收账款和其他应收款计提的坏账准备高达93,280万元,主要理由是联系不到。为何联系不到?谁应当承担责任?是否存在违法违规行为?以前年度坏账准备计提比率为何如此之低?,本年度对非关联方的应收账款和其他应收款计提的坏账准备也高达70,386万元,主要理由是联系不到或资不抵债。是否存在违法违规行为?以前年度坏账准备计提比率为何如此之低?,应收关联方和非关联方的上述款项全额计提坏账准备,累计金额高达206,302万元。背后的真实故事是什么?虚假收入?收入确认违反规定?关联公司和非关联公司逃废债务?将来假设由收回,如何进行会计处理?,全额计提的坏账假设今后又收回,如何进行会计处理?,对这样的丧失持续经营能力净资产-225,724万元、应收账款内部控制缺失、随意计提巨额坏账的公司,CPA发表无保存意见的依据何在?,9/29/2024,26,B公司案例:抵债背后的真实故事,经营业绩一览表,年度,主营业务,收 入,净利润,1998,112,147,11,800,1999,111,296,15,525,2000,105,753,548,2001,112,282,-97,856,9/29/2024,27,B公司经营业绩的嬗变 (单位:%,年度,净资产,收 益率,销 售,利润率,1998,9.6,10.5,1999,11.7,13.9,2000,0.4,0.5,2001,-397.1,-87.2,9/29/2024,28,B公司财务状况的嬗变 (单位:万元,财务状况一览表,年度,股东权益,净资产比率(%),1998,123,024,39.1,1999,132,792,40.8,2000,122,671,35.2,2001,24,644,9.1,9/29/2024,29,B公司财务状况的嬗变 (单位:%,财务状况一览表,年度,净资产率,流动比率,1998,39.1,141.2,1999,40.8,143.0,2000,35.2,80.3,2001,9.1,55.0,9/29/2024,30,B公司,利润结构,1998年,金额,占利润总额%,营业利润,5,885,39.2,投资收益,7,123,47.4,补贴收入,1,989,13.2,营业外收支净额,22,0.2,利润总额,15,019,100.0,9/29/2024,31,B公司,利润结构,1999年,金额,占利润总额%,营业利润,7,885,43.2,投资收益,7,855,43.1,补贴收入,2,424,13.3,营业外收支净额,68,0.4,利润总额,18,232,100.0,9/29/2024,32,B公司,利润结构,2000年,金额,占利润总额%,营业利润,-5,300,投资收益,7,067,补贴收入,0.5,营业外收支净额,- 496,利润总额,1,271.5,9/29/2024,33,B公司,利润结构,2001年,金额,占利润总额%,营业利润,-29,945,投资收益,814,补贴收入,100,营业外收支净额,-71,947,利润总额,-100,978,9/29/2024,34,B公司 (单位:万元,投资收益与现金流量,年 度,投资收益,投资收益相关的现金流入,1998,7,123,771,1999,7,855,1,484,2000,7,067,441,2001,814,2,980,9/29/2024,35,B公司,投资收益构成,项目名称,1998,1999,2000,2001,委托贷款收益,43,627,932.64,47,018,425.37,32,516,159.86,(250,000.00),委托贷款准备,(2,063,492.78),(2,062,014.44),-,-,股权投资收益,25,181,284.81,33,163,288.01,34,421,843.26,7,809,254.00,非控股公司分配的利润,5,376,000.00,1,700,000.00,4,631,999.98,5,300,400.00,股权投资差额摊销,(899,748.42),(899,748.42),(899,748.42),(899,748.42),债券投资收益,8,750.00,-,-,-,转让收益,-,(368,869.26),-,-,长期投资减值准备,-,-,-,(3,816,255.16),合 计,71,230,726.25,78,551,081.28,70,670,254.70,8,143,650.44,9/29/2024,36,B公司,2001巨亏的原因剖析,董事会的说明,董事会的信号发送,B公司董事永远是正确的,都是?企业会计制度?和新闻媒体惹的祸,不是B公司无能,而是市场竞争太鼓励,存在的疑问,为何不说明资产减值的原因?,为何不说明2000年度抵债的影响?,9/29/2024,37,B公司,营业外支出,明 细 项 目,2001年,2000年,固定资产清理净损失,1,939,922.21,107,011.62,固定资产盘亏,-,6,750.91,固定资产减值准备,101,653,386.86,3,082,589.97,无形资产减值准备,328,677,500.86,-,对外担保预计负债,286,357,085.06,-,捐赠支出,128,928.60,2,187,890.00,债务重组损失,982,928.60,-,其他,100,240.03,15,732.00,合 计,719,839,465.28,5,399,974.50,9/29/2024,38,B公司,资产减值的原因,2000年6月份大股东的抵债交易,短期贷款 23,099,247.00,短期投资 664,095,572.75 应提多少准备?,应收账款 38,720,381.38 1,936,029.37,其他应收款 553,011,748.85 27,650,587.44,其他应付款 3,246,949.98,合 计 1,275,680,000.00,其他关联交易,1998年年末向大股东及其他关联方提供资金余额为1,103,594,212.82元,收取利息131,084,164.92元,占当年利润总额87.3% ,占净利润 111.1%,1999年末向大股东及其他关联方提供的资金余额为805,704,235.42元,收取利息 92,219,696.20元,占当年利润总额50.6%,占净利润59.4%,9/29/2024,39,B公司,2000年度因抵债,向大股东及其他关联企业提供资金的年末余额为零,收取的利息为46,760,153.38元,占当年利润总额367.7%,占净利润852.6%,抵偿的资产及其减值,项目名称,2000年6月,评估价值,2000年6月,抵偿作价,2001年度,减值准备,减值准备占,抵偿价比例,房屋建筑物,38,048,38,048,10,139,26.7%,土地使用权,53,520,53,520,19,438,36.3%,商标权,31,220,30,000,13,430,44.8%,股权,6,217,6,000,-,-,合 计,129,005,127,568,43,007,33.7%,9/29/2024,40,C公司案例:“巨额冲销+销售退回背后的故事“奇圣胶囊演绎的神话,经营业绩一览表,年度,主营业务,收 入,净利润,1998,27,099,6,568,1999,28,491,8,135,2000,50,419,24,191,2001,10,043,-58,412,9/29/2024,41,C公司:2001年度上下半年的反差,经营业绩一览表,年度,主营业务,收 入,净利润,上半年,20,561,6,154,下半年,-10,518,-64,566,全年,10,043,-58,412,9/29/2024,42,C公司:净利润与经营业绩的反差,NI v.s CFFOA,年度,净利润,CFFOA,1998,6,568,- 6,293,1999,8,135,- 8,062,2000,24,191,19,615,2001,-58,412,-74,034,9/29/2024,43,C公司-经营活动产生的现金流量,CFFOA:2001v.s 2000,项 目 名 称,2001,2000,销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金,154,902,472.69,514,146,801.97,收取的租金,562,784.00,收到的税费返还,-,11,154,500.80,收到的其他与经营活动有关的现金,126,146,385.14,11,854,612.64,现金流入小计,281,048,857.83,537,718,699.41,购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金,38,661,406.74,58,904,277.28,经营租赁所支付的现金,-,224,088.00,支付给职工以及为职工支付的现金,15,312,928.78,15,312,719.45,支付的各项税款,243,148,586.14,110,460,669.35,支付的其他与经营活动有关的现金,724,266,389.07,152,975,914.86,现金流出小计,1,021,389,310.73,341,564,738.92,经营活动产生的现金流量净额,-740,266,389.07,196,153,960.49,9/29/2024,44,C-令人费解的现金流入流出工程,收到或支付的其他与经营活动有关的现金流量,项 目 名 称,2001,2000,收到的其他与经营活动有关的现金,126,146,385.14,11,854,612.64,其中:芜湖市财政局给予的国有,企业亏损补贴,91,000,000.00,银行存款利息,21,142,855.77,支付的其他与经营活动有关的现金,724,266,389.07,152,975,914.86,其中:,北京飞霞广告有限公司(借款),380,000,000.00,北京京华天地广告艺术公司(预,付广告费),100,611,963.90,通化三利化工有限公司借款,108,800,000.00,支付各种广告费用,81,464,228.87,销售员借款及提成款,67,398,360.29,9/29/2024,45,C公司:,2000-2002股价最高、最低,9/29/2024,46,C公司-“奇圣胶囊的成效,“奇圣胶囊对主营业务的奉献,项 目,2001年度,2000年度,主营收入,主营成本,毛利率,主营收入,主营成本,毛利率,奇圣胶囊,5,097,2,914,43%,52,091,25,147,52%,治麋灵栓,3,013,415,86%,7,810,929,88%,参莲胶囊,- 1,328,- 236,82%,2,981,499,83%,壮骨伸筋胶囊,2,220,538,76%,2,207,398,82%,其他,5,189,1,675,68%,9,644,2,595,73%,内部抵销,4,147,2,259,46%,24,314,22,520,7%,合 计,10,043,3,047,70%,50,419,7,048,86%,9/29/2024,47,C公司-“成也萧何,败也萧何,董事会对“奇圣胶囊迥然不同的说法,2000年度董事会报告,2001年董事会报告,1、经公司2000年第二次临时股东大会审议通过,决定延缓实施配股募集资金投资22,077.99万元进行将投资进行调整,用于购买恒春奇圣胶囊全部技术及生产经销权和购买张恒春药业有限公司股权。总投资34,466.8万元(购买奇圣胶囊31,800万元,购买张恒春药业股权 2666.8万元),2、公司于2000年10月16日至17日在通化市召开了“奇圣胶囊销售代理招商大会”,与全国176家医药经销单位签定了“奇圣胶囊经销协议”,总金额14.85亿元,其中现款现货 2.15亿元,预售12.7亿元奇圣胶囊区域经销拍卖总成交金额1450万元,1、公司主打产品“奇圣胶囊”,由于市场运作不利,销路不畅,上年度以及本年上半年部分已销售的“奇圣胶囊”药品出现销售退回,冲减了本期营业收入,致使2001年度营业收入大幅下降。,2、由于“奇圣胶囊”销路不畅,出于谨慎考虑,将购买“奇圣胶囊”全部技术及生产经销权的无形资产全额计提减值准备,是导致2001年度出现亏损的重要原因。,9/29/2024,48,C公司-,价值连城?一文不值?,“奇圣胶囊的价值变迁,日期,变化过程,金额,2000.10,临时股东大会批准购买,318,000,000,2000.11-12,计提2个月摊销,5,300,000,2000.12.31,摊余价值,312,700,000,2001.1-12,计提12个月摊销,31,800,000,2001.12.31,摊余价值,280,900,000,2001.12.26,董事会临时电话会议决定全额计提减值准备,280,900,000,2001.12.31,账面价值,0,影响分析:倘若“奇圣胶囊”物有所值,全额计提摊销意味着通化金马在未来的8年中,每年可增加3180万元的利润;倘若“奇圣胶囊”一文不值,那么通化金马的股东损失了3.18亿元,那么,受益者又是谁?,9/29/2024,49,D公司案例-高科技公司的法宝R&D,2、利用研究开发费用调节利润,上市公司类型,高科技上市公司,做法,以收入与本钱配比为由,将R & D 计入长期待摊费用、在建工程或固定资产,典型案例剖析,D公司,9/29/2024,50,D公司:经营业绩变动趋势,年 度,主 营 业,务 收 入,净利润,1998,90,382,9,876,1999,108,874,12,631,2000,239,762,17,844,2001,205,145,3,610,2002,Q1,29,367,- 4,835,9/29/2024,51,D公司:净利润与现金流量之反差,年 度,净利润,CFFOA,1998,9,876,- 17,191,1999,12,308,- 21,248,2000,17,844,- 53,576,2001,3,610,- 2,594,9/29/2024,52,D公司:2000年度净利润创新高的秘笈,年 度,净利润,比例,调整前,17,844,调整后,6,995,39.2%,调整额,10,849,60.8%,调整,原因,将原计入长期待摊费用和在建工程的 R & D,作为重大会计差错进行 调整,9/29/2024,53,D公司案例-高科技公司的法宝R&D,2001年报的解释,董事会报告的说明,重大事项说明,其他疑问,2001年研发费用支出多少?是否存在推迟研发支出时间的现象?,1999年度是否存在将研发费用资本化的现象?,1999年长期待摊费用只有几十万,但当年在建工程增加了4.33亿元,研发费用是否混迹其中?,R & D 费用化后,上市公司是否应当披露当期发生的研发支出?占收入的比例?同行业或主要竞争对手在研发费用的投资收入应否披露?,CPA如何判断在建工程、固定资产、无形资产是否包括研发费用?,如果上市公司与关联企业合作进行研发,然后将研发成果转让给上市公司,如何进行会计处理?,9/29/2024,54,E公司案例-“知错必改,3、利用会计过失更正调节利润,情形,会计违规被监管部门稽查发现,面临ST或退市边缘,更换会计师事务所,更换大股东,更换高管人员,做法,以时间换空间,某一年度明知故犯,下一年度再予以更正,典型案例剖析,P公司,9/29/2024,55,P公司案例-“知错必改,2001年报关于“会计过失更正的披露疑点之一,根据企业会计制度,公司本年度调减2001年年初留存收益13,296,326.62元,其中调减了2000年年初留存收益 14,579,451.77元;调增2000年度的净利润1,283,125.15元。调整原因如下:,项 目,追溯调整,(2000年以前),追溯调整,(2000年度),备注,坏账准备追溯调整,-8,999,677.93,1,054,365.91,A,长期股权投资减值准备追溯调整,- 848,305.27,230,530.21,B,利息等费用追溯调整,-1,731,468.57,165,947.40,C,赔偿支出追溯调整,-,-399,058.60,D,代销收入追溯调整,-,231,340.23,E,预计负债追溯调整,-3,000,000.00,-,F,合 计,-14,579,451.77,1,283,125.15,9/29/2024,56,PT百花村案例-“知错必改,A、坏账准备追溯调整,2001年2月本公司收到人民法院民事裁定书,由于被执行人XX电器、XX有限责任公司已停业,无任何财产,裁定“支付令终结执行。本公司2000年及以前年度计提坏账时未考虑以上因素,故本年在核销XX电器、XX有限责任公司应收账款时对上述坏账准备进行了更正,Note: Audit report for 2000 dated March 2001, what are the implications? Subsequent event, type 1 or type 2? Is this accounting treatment justifiable? In what grounds?,9/29/2024,57,PT百花村案例-“知错必改,B、长期股权投资减值准备追溯调整,XX开展中心长期经营状况不佳,XX高新技术开发区行政管理局于1998年7月21日公告撤消了该公司的营业执照。以上投资在2000年以前已全部形成损失,公司本年度核销了对其的投资,并对长期投资计提了减值准备。,C、利息等费用追溯调整,公司在1997年-1998年欠XX贸易开展中心利息,当时股份公司主办会计将利息单在本人抽屉中未进行账务处理,2001年对账时发现,就进行了追溯调整。,D、赔偿支出追溯调整,本公司在2000年7月29日发生特大交通事故,死亡11人,应该在2000年度赔偿死者家属45万元,因资金紧张还差24万元未赔付也未进行挂账,另外本公司与一商户于2000年解除了租赁合同,应赔付23万元,因资金紧张,只赔付了7万元,本公司漏计以上业务,本年度进行了追溯调整。,9/29/2024,58,PT百花村案例-“知错必改,E、代销收入追溯调整,系分公司XX购物中心将2000年代销商品产生的收入2000年未入账,计入2001年度。应进行追溯调整。,F、预计负债追溯调整,本公司于1995年12月为XX有限责任公司提供300万元三年期技改贷款担保,该项贷款已于1998年12月到期。目前该借款尚未归还。由于该公司长期以来财务状况不佳,无力归还借款。对以上担保应预计负债,本公司漏计此笔业务,本年度对此进行了更正。,9/29/2024,59,G公司案例-“控股权变动=业绩增长,股权变动,1999年,原第一大股东与XYZ科技开展签定了?股份转让合同书?,但尚未办理过户手续,经营权实质上从1999年起托管给XYZ,2000年XYZ入主G公司,经营业绩显著改善,1998至2001年的经营成果,9/29/2024,60,控股权变动前后的G公司经营业绩 (单位:万元,年度,主 营,收 入,主 营,利 润,净利润,1998,7,754,1,383,32,1999,15,497,9,106,6,352,2000,22,528,7,867,2,994,2001,25,117,9,446,2,185,9/29/2024,61,控股权变动前后的G公司经营业绩 (单位:万元,年度,主 营,利润率,销售,利润率,净资产,收益率,1998,17.8%,0.4%,0.08%,1999,58.8%,41.0%,16.3%,2000,34.9%,13.3%,7.3%,2001,37.6%,8.7%,5.1%,9/29/2024,62,奥秘所在来自分行业的资料,项目名称,1998,1999,2000,2001,发电机组:主营业务收入,主营业务成本,毛利率,5,766,4,654,19.3%,5,872,4,597,21.7%,6,836,6,808,0.4%,6,437,5,852,9.1%,通信产品:主营业务收入,主营业务成本,毛利率,-,-,-,-,-,-,7,124,5,213,26.8%,10,759,7,336,31.8%,技术服务:主营业务收入,主营业务成本,毛利率,-,-,-,7,777,-,100%,6,889,426,93.8%,5,258,353,93.3%,蓄电池隔板 主营业务收入,机电新材料 主营业务成本,及其他: 毛利率,1,988,1,647,17.2%,1,848,1,500,18.8%,1,680,1,367,18.6%,2,667,1,982,25.7%,9/29/2024,63,G公司毛利率,9/29/2024,64,G公司案例-“控股权变动=业绩增长,审计问题,CPA连续四年均发表标准无保存意见,CPA确认技术效劳收入的依据,技术效劳合同,主要为软件开发效劳,一页纸,开发周期3至6个月,银行进账单或函证,疑点,CPA是否评估该公司是否具有软件开发能力?,CPA是否审计该公司开发的软件或提供的效劳?,软件效劳1999年只有收入,没有本钱,2000至2001年的毛利率也高达90%以上,CPA为何没有保持应有的职业谨慎?,CPA是否合理地疑心这局部收入来源的合法性?,9/29/2024,65,财务分析框架,1、From Business Activities to Financial Statements,Business Activities,Operating Activities,Investment Activities,Financing Activities,Accounting System,Measure and Report,Economic Consequences,of Business Activities,Financial Statements,Managers Superior inf.,On Business Activities,Estimation Errors,Distortions fm Managers,Accounting Choices,Business Environment,Labor Markets,Capital Markets,Product Markets,Supplier,Customers,Competitors,Business Regulations,Accounting Environment,Capital Market Structure,Contracting & Governance,Accounting Conventions,And Regulations,Tax & Financial Accounting,Linkage,Third-party Auditing,Legal System for,Accounting Disputes,Business Strategy,Scope of Business:,Degree of Diversification,Type of Diversification,Competitive Positioning:,Cost Leadership,Differentiation,Key Success Factors and,Risk,Accounting Strategy,Choice of Acctg Policies,Choice of Acctg Estimates,Choice of Reporting Format,Choice of Supplementary,Disclosures,9/29/2024,66,财务报表分析框架,2、Doing Business Analysis Using Financial Statements,Financial Statements,Managers superior inf on business activities,Noise from estimation errors,Distortions from managers acctg choices,Other Public Data,Industry and firm data,Outside financial statements,Business Application Context,Credit analysis,Securities analysis,Mergers and acquisition analysis,Debt/dividend analysis,Corporate communication strategy analysis,General business analysis,Analysis Tools,Business Strategy Analysis,Generate performance expectations through,Industry analysis and competitive strategy,Analysis,Accounting Analysis,Evaluate accounting quality,By assessing accounting,Policies and estimates,Financial Analysis,Evaluate performance using ratios,And cash flow analysis,Prospective Analysis,Making forecasts and value,Business,9/29/2024,67,会计分析,1、Doing Accounting Analysis,Step 1: Identify key accounting policies,Step 2: Access accounting flexibility,Step 3: Evaluate accounting strategy,Key questions,How do the firms accounting policies compare to the norms in the industry? If they are different, is it because the firms competitive strategy is unique?,Does management face strong incentives to use accounting discretion for earnings management?,Has the firm changed any of its policies and estimates? What is the justification? What is impact of changes?,Have the firms policies and estimates been realistic in the past?,Does the firm structure any significant business transactions so that it can achieve certain accounting objectives?,9/29/2024,68,会计分析,Step 4: Evaluate the quality of disclosure,Key questions,Does the firm provide adequate disclosure to assess the firms business strategy and its economic consequences?,Do the footnotes adequately explain the key accounting policies and assumptions and their logic?,Does the firm adequately explain its current performance? (MD&A),If accounting rules and conventions restrict the firm from measuring its key success factors appropriately, does the firm provide adequate additional disclosure to help outsiders understand how these factors are being managed?,If the firm is in multiple business segments, what is the quality of segment disclosure?,How forthcoming is the management with respect to bad news?,How good is the firms investor relations program? Does the firm provide fact books with detailed data on the firms business and performance? Is the management accessible to analysts?,9/29/2024,69,会计分析,Step 5: Identify potential red flags,Common red flags,Unexplained changes in accounting policies and estimates, especially when performance is poor,Unexplained transactions that boost profits,Unusual increases in account receivable in relation to sales increases,Unusual increases in inventories in relation to sales increases,An increasing gap between a firms reported income and its cash flow from operating activities,An increasing gap between a firms reported income and its tax income,A tendency to use financing mechanisms like research and development partnerships and the sale of receivables with recourse,Large fourth-quarter or fist-quarter adjustments,Qualified audit opinions or change in independent auditors that are not well justified,Related-party transactions or transactions between related entities,Step 6: Undo accounting distortions,4 approaches ( refer to window-dressing of financial statements),9/29/2024,70,附录:Sarbanes-Oxley Act,Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002,参众两院通过,2002.7.30布什总统签署, 主要内容包括7个方面,1、设立Public Company Accounting Oversight Board 公众公司会计监察委员会,委员会的组建和管理,所有为证券发行公司出具审计报
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