美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)（纳撒尼尔霍桑）,Contents,Life,Major works,Themes,Writing styles,Life,Birthplace: Salem, Massachusetts,Family background: a family with a long,Puritan,tradition; father died when he was only 4 years old; mother relied on relatives in rearing her four children,Education: reading extensively by his mid-teens and aspired to be a writer; from 1821-1825, he studied at Bowdoin college in Maine.,Early life in,fluences on Hawthorne,Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House.,Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge,Hathorne, who presided over the,Salem witchcraft trials, 1692.,Belief in the existence of the devil.,Belief in determinism宿命论.,Puritanism 清教主义,Puritans came from the Established Church of England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.,They were so called because they,wished to purify the forms and rituals of the Church.,Though it was pilgrims that first came to New England, yet Puritanism soon became,the dominant faith with its rather gloomy outlook on life.,The Puritans held that,man lived to suffer,and he must toil mightily for the glory of God.,Their doctrine was widely known for its extremely,rigid and strict morality.,(original sins ,predestination,limited atonement),Major works,1837-1842:,Twice-Told Tales,故事,重述,1846:,Mosses from an Old Manse,古,宅,青苔,1850:,The Scarlet Letter,红字,1851:,The House of the Seven Gables,带七个尖角阁的房子,1852:,The Blithedale Romance,福谷传奇,Features of his works,S,etting,：,Puritan New England,T,hemes,：,Evil & Sin,I,dea,：,Black vision, toward human beings,T,echnique,：,symbolism,Black Vision :,Evil exists in the human heart,Everyone possesses some evil secret,Everyone seems to cover up his inner,m,ost evil,Evil seems to be mans birthmark,Sin will eventually get punished,Evil educates,Overweening intellectsource of evil,Themes,1.,Dark View of Human Nature,（,人性之,“,恶,”,）,2.,Morality and Sin,（道德 & 罪恶,）,3.,Human Isolation,（人之孤独,）,1.,Dark View of Human Nature,（,人性之,“,恶,”,）,Human beings are,evil-natured,and sinful,，,and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.,2.,Morality and Sin,（道德 & 罪恶）,Man will,get punished,one way or another for his,sin,but can also,be saved,by his,good-deeds,and self- improvement,.,One has to work and,strive against temptation,in order,to win salvation,(拯救),. There could be no magic carriage which would enable one to reach heaven without toil or trouble.,3. Human Isolation,（人之孤独）,Human beings are born to be lonely.,They defend their pride and selfishness,for different reasons.,A character is in a state of isolation because of,self-cause, or,societal cause, or a combination of both.,Writing,Style,s,1. Dark Romanticism,2. Symbolism,3. Psycho-analysis,4. Ambiguity,5.,Allegory,(寓言),6. Visual Description,（视觉描写）,1. Dark Romanticism,His works belong to dark romanticism, with cautionary tales,(警示性故事),that suggest that,guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity.,Supernatural,2. Symbolism,A,dultery,(shame),A,bility,(sympathy),A,ngel,(admiration),Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of,adultery,sins, and,human morality,.,Example,in The Scarlet Letter,:,3. Psycho-analysis,Psychological truth was more important than actual truth.,Explored the complexity of human psychology through the characters,inner struggle,4.,Ambiguity,Its a deliberate poetic device (language feature): to signify two or more distinct references, or express two or more diverse attitudes or feelings by using a single word or expression.,eg. She didnt take his,tip.,5.,Allegory,(寓言),Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary.,eg. Young Goodman Brown,小伙子布朗,Thank you !,