奈达与功能对等

你的标题,在此键入你的内容,一级标题,二级标题,三级标题,四级标题,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Nidas Equivalence Theory,Brief introduction of Eugene Nida,an American linguist, translation theorist,born in Oklahoma 1914 , died in,Madrid,2011,graduated from the University of California in,1936, Masters degree from the University of Southern California in,1939, Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Michigan in,1943,American Bible Society (ABS),Functional,Equivalence Theory,Contribution,s,of,FET,Limitation,s,of,FET,1.,Formal equivalence,Definition:,F-E focuses attention on,the message itself, in,both,form and content,. Such translations then would be concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concep,t.,Emphasis,: literal fidelity,Two different types of equivalence,2.Functional,Equivalence,first put forward in the book,Toward a Science of Translating,in 1964,Emphasis,: the,functional equivalence,of information instead of the direct formal equivalence in translation,Definition,: The relationship between the target language receptor and the target text should generally be equivalent to that between the source language receptor and the source text,Maximal equivalence:,最高层次的对等,The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it essentially,the same,as the original readers did.,Minimal equivalence:,最低层次对等,The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they,can conceive of,how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.,Four Levels of Functional Equivalence,Lexical Equivalence,Sentence Equivalence,Passage Equivalence,Style Equivalence,1. Lexical Equivalence,Nida uses,word classes(,词类,),instead of,traditional,parts of speech,(,词性,),to describe the semantic relationship,.,Entities,（实体），,如,man,，,book,，,table,等,Activities,（活动），,如,walk,，,think,，,swim,等,States,（状态），,如,dead,，,tired,，,Happy,等,Processes,（过程），,如,widen,，,grow,，,enlarge,等，与状态或特征的变化有关,Characteristics,（特征），,如,tall,，,huge,，,beautiful,等,Links,（连接），,如,when,，,during,，,below,等，在时空等方面起连接作用,Deictics,（指示），,如,this,，,there,，,here,等,Eg,：,environmentally damaging waste,传统词性翻译：在环境上有损害的废物,词类分析法：,environmentally,（,entity,）,damaging,（,activity,）,waste,（,entity,）,3,（,waste,）,does 2,（,damage,）,to 1,（,environment,）,损害环境的废物,2.,Sentence Equivalence,Nida use the concept of,kernel sentence,to overcome the syntactic barriers in translation.,Eg: There is something I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice.,There is something.,I must say something (to my people).,My people stand (on the warm threshold).,The threshold is warm.,The threshold leads (into the palace).,The palace is of justice.,Nidas Translation Procedure,(1)to reduce the source text to its structurally simplest and most semantically evident kernels;,(decomposing),(2) to transfer the meaning from the source to the receptor language on a structural simple level;,(generating),(3)to generate the stylistically and semantically equivalent expression in the receptor language.,(reconstructing),(Nida 1964:68).,Semantic,simple,原文,译文,stylistically and semantically equivalent,on a structural simple level,3,Passage Equivalence,Passage equivalence consists of three parts,passage context,，,scene context and cultural context,In order to handle such inter-language problems, Nida turn to semiology, especially the concept of,isomorphism,.,A basic concept in isomorphism is that linguistic symbols like words, or non-linguistic symbols like gestures are,meaningful only in,its own culture (system). Thus, we should try to find,an equivalent symbol,in target language to refer to the original object/process.,Examples,:,Eg,：,to grow like mushroom.,如雨后春笋般地成长起来,“,mushroom,”,in English =,“春笋”,in Chinese,to teach fish to swim,教鱼游泳,（,direct formal equivalence,）,班门弄斧,（,functional equivalence,）,Contribution,s,of,FET,“,功能对等,”,解决了长期以来,“,意译,”,与,“,直译,”,之争,，为翻译研究提供了全新角度，将新思维、概念和方法注人到翻译中。,该理论将现代语言学、交际学、符号学,(,semiology,),和美学,(,aesthetics,),带入了翻译领域，从多个角度对翻译进行更细致的研究,.,它从语言和文化的角度缓和了翻译家们归化和异化争论，从多个学科的角度找,“,归化,”,和,“,异化,”,的平衡点。,Limitation,s,of,FET,不同的文化会导致读者的反应是不同的,历史文化的不同,宗教文化的差异,思维方式和价值观念的差异,1.,为达到原文读者,心理反应,(mental reaction),和译文读者心理反应相似，不惜,“,改变、调整、删减,”,原文，结果原文中一些有意义的形式都在追求功能对的过程中消失了。,2.,心理反应很难准确测量，,文化具有复杂性，,不同语言间还存在的,文化差异,。,References,2.,叶子南,.,高级翻译理论与实践,.,北京：清华大学出版社，,2013,3.,包宏艳,.,浅谈奈达的功能对等,.,科技视界,2012(29),1. Nida, Eugene A.,Toward a Science of Translating.,Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964,