英语语音讲座

英语语音语调,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Vicky,*,English Pronunciation,英语语音讲座,Contents,Click to add title in here,辅音,24,3,Click to add title in here,4,音的变化,38,5,1,7,9,8,6,2,元音,6,语调,105,节奏,98,句子重音,67,弱读,53,音的同化,48,音节和单词重音,辅音连缀,连读,失去爆破和不完全爆破,2,有关国际音标的几个概念,International Phonetic Association,1886, London,国际语音学协会,International Phonetic Alphabet,1888,国际音标 制定原则：一个音位，一个符号； 一个符号，一个音位,Daniel Jones:,Everymans English Pronouncing Dictionary,英语发音词典 第一版,1917,第十二版,1963,第十四版,1981,3,英国英语和美国英语 元音音标对照,英国英语 美国英语 例词,/I:/ /I/,meat field,/,/,/I/ /,/,fish fill,/e/ /,bench bed,/A/ /A/,cat stand,/B:/ /Br/,cart dark,/B/,/B:/,calm father,/,/ /C/ /B/,hot sock,/C:/ /C/ /Cr/,wall short,/,/U/ /,book wood,/U:/ /U/,shoe pool,4,英国英语 美国英语 例词,/Q/ /Q/,love mud,/ /:/ /,/ /:r/,work learn,/ /L, r/,doctor further,/,ago banana,/e,/ /ei/ /e/,lake paper,/a,/,/ai/ /a,/,bike find,/,/ /Ci/ /,/,boy spoil,/ /aU/ /,loud house,/ /U/ /o/ /o/,boat know,/,/ /i/ /,r/,beer really,/e/ /Z/ /Zr/,chair pair,/ /U/ /r/,tour sure,5,英语元音,the,vowels,(20,个,),前元音,front vowels,/I:,，,，,e,，,A/,前元音发音的共同点 舌尖轻触下齿 舌前部向上颚抬高，但不接触 气流通过气管经口腔而出，不受任何发音器官阻碍， 没有任何摩擦前元音发音的不同点 舌前部向上齿龈抬高的不同部位和高度决定四个前元音 的不同音位,/I:,，,，,e,，,A/,的开口程度由小到大,/I:,，,，,e,，,A/,的舌位由高到低,6,/I:/ / /e/ /A/,beat bit bet batmeet mid met madteam tip tell tapsteel still step stand,/I:/-/,eat-it seat-sit feet-fit sheep-ship peal-pill leak-lick sleep-slip beat-bit bead-bid field-filled steel-still neat-knit He sees a ship.She sees a sheep.A ship and a sheep. This is a ship.That is a sheep.,7,/e/-/A/,bed-bad met-mad men-man net-lap said-sad mess-mass merry-marry set-sat led-lad lend-land beg-bag pen-pan a red flag get mad very bad weather felt very sad help his dad sat on the bed never come back get to know thatDont let the cat out of the bag.I guess they want gas.Can you bend that iron band?What daddy said made me sad.,8,英语元音,后元音,back vowels,/B:,C: U:/,英语后元音发音共同点 舌尖离开下齿 舌后部向上颚抬起，但不接触上颚 气流通过气管经口腔而出，不受任何发音器官 阻碍，没有任何摩擦英语后元音发音不同点 舌后部向上齿龈抬高的不同部位和高度决定四 个后元音的不同音位,/B:,，,，,C:,， ，,U/,的开口程度由大到小,/B:,，,，,C:,， ，,U/,的舌位由低到高,9,/B:/ /,/ /C:/ / /U:/,bark box bought book bootlark lot lord look loompart pot port put poolshark shot short shook shootvast what water wood wound,/,-,/U:/,foot-boot pull-pool good-food full-foolAt noon I took a bookAnd sat by the pool in the wood,And put my foot in the pool,Oh, how cool!,10,英语元音,中元音,central vowels,/Q /,英语中元音发音共同点 舌尖离开下齿 舌中部抬高，舌身自然、平伸 唇形扁平而放松 气流通过气管经口腔而出，不受任何发音器官阻碍， 没有任何摩擦英语中元音发音不同点 舌中部向上齿龈抬起，,/,的舌位最高，,/Q/,的舌位最低 唇形扁平，,/,的唇形需向左右两边拉开，略成微笑状，,/,的唇形自然放松，,/Q/,唇形自然扁平,11,/,Q/,Monday money month monkey country worry wonderful mother London in such a hurry love each other suffer hunger My husband is lucky enough to make a lot of money.,/-/C:/,work-walk word-ward worm-warm first world war the worst storm worth much more,12,/B:/-/Q/,mask-must heart-hut father-mother cut-cart come-calm duck-dark park the truck a hard nut such a market hurry to the farm rush to the park How much wood would a woodchuck,(,美洲旱獭,),chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood.,13,/,abroad China banana panda England Martha was crazy about China.Susan drinks a lot of Coca Cola.It was in Canada that the students found them.Potatoes and carrots are vegetables.,was,(AmE),/wBz/, /wz/,(BrE),/w,z/, /wz/,字母组合,er, re, ar, or, o(u)r, ure,处于非重读音节中时，美国英语读为,/r/,-er teacher,/5ti:tFr/,better,/5betr/,exercise,/5eksr9saiz/,-re centre / center,/5sentr/,metre / meter,/5mI:tr/,-ar sugar,/5Fugr/,polar,/5poulr/,standard,/5stAndrd/,-or author,/5CWr/,doctor,/5dBktr/,forget,/fr5get/,-o(u)r colo(u)r,/5kQlr/,humo(u)r,/5hju:mr/,-ure feature,/5fI:tFr/,lecture,/5lektFr/,14,下面一些字母组合，,在美国英语中读作,/,r/ /,r/,-eardear,/d,r, d,r/,beard,/,b,rd, b,rd,/,-,eerbeer,/,b,r, b,r,/,deer,/,d,r, d,r,/,-,erehere,/,h,r, h,r,/,sincere,/,s,n5s,r, s,n5s,r,/,-,ierfierce,/,f,rs, f,rs,/,pierce,/,p,rs, p,rs,/,但是并非所有的,/,/,都读成,/,r,/,词首的,/,/,不读成,/,r,/,about,/,5baut,/,ago,/,5gou,/,opinion,/,5p,njn,/,一些字母和字母组合，在某些词中，美国英语和英国英语读音相同，,/,/,后不加,/,r,/,drama,/,5drAm,/,panda,/,5pAnd,/,banana,/,b5nAn,/,sofa,/,5souf,/,Diana,/,da,5An,/,extra,/,5ekstr,/,China,/,5tFa,n,/,America,/,5mer,k,/,salad,/,5sAld,/,polite,/,p5la,t,/,method,/,5meWd,/,zealous,/,5zels,/,cautious,/,5kCFs,/,yeah,/,jZ,/,period,/,5pI:r,d,/,15,随着英语语音的发展变化，有些非重读音节里的元音弱读成,/,/,，这些,/,/,的后面不加,/,r,/,interesting,/,5,ntrst,N,/,elephant,/,5elfnt,/,eleven,/,5levn,/,cauliflower,/,5kClflaur,/,believe,/,blI:v,/,begin,/,b5g,n,/,在英语中，有三十多个词，在几乎,90%,以上的情况里都要弱读，而弱读时，大多数是把原来的元音弱读成,/,，这些词里的,/,也不能读成,/r/,a,/,an,/n/,the,/T/,am,/m/,are,/,was,/wz/,were,/w/,do,/d/,does,/dz/,has,/hz/,have,/hv/,had,/hd/,can,/kn/,could,/kd/,shall,/Fl/,should,/Fd/,would,/wd/,must,/mst/,her,/h,/,us,/s/,them,/Tm/,at,/t/,from,/frm/,for,/f/,of,/v/,to,/t/,and,/nd,n,n/,as,/z/,than,/Tn/,that,/Tt/,but,/bt/,some,/sm/,16,英语元音,双元音,diphthongs,/e,，,，,，,/,英语双元音的发音方法由两个音合而为一，由第一个音向第二个音滑动，滑动过程中没有任何停顿。由第一个音向第二个音滑动的过程中，第一个音长而响亮；第二个音短而含糊；一般来说，由第一个音向第二个音滑动时，不到第二个音的发音部位，发音即完成,/e,，,，,，,/,这五个双元音发音的一个共同特点是由前一个音滑到后一个音时，口由开到合，因此又叫,合口双元音,17,/e,/,take name faint play plane danger train main David snake played same change hate to be late play a game a railway stationwait at the gate make a silly mistake You should play it safe and make haste.He did it only for the sake of face saving.,/,/,nice write kind behind exciting style why mind tight eyes riding writing Fridayride a bike far and wide a quiet night Out of sight, out of mind. Mikes wife likes her life in the countryside.The kite is flying high in the sky.,18,/,/,boy,enjoy,join point voice spoil annoy boil noisy soil poison coin choice oil One mans meat is another mans poison.,/,loud house shout lounge round now down found crown surround clothes go for an outing how about look outside like a drowned mouse They often make loud noises out of hours.,/,home boat slowly coat road clothes post telephone tone Joan bowl toast rode wrote go home hold a post wrote a poem make a toast,19,英语元音,双元音,/,，,e,，,/,这三个双元音分别由,/,、,e,、,/,向中元音,/,滑动，所以称为集中双元音,/,/,dear clear beer fear hero appear theatre idea serious,/e/,wear repair stairs careful there compare fair and square Jack likes to wear his hair long.,/,tour sure February during poor pure furious Europe,20,元音的长度,长元音和双元音都有一定的长度, 长元音和双元音在句末时比在句子中时较长,Did you see him?- What did you see? I know him very well.- I dont know.,长元音和双元音在浊辅音前比在清辅音前长,leave-leaf hard-park road-wrote cause-course line-light noise-voice,长元音和双元音在重读音节中比在非重读音节中长,sofa-window idle-idea board-blackboard,21,短元音一般比较短，但在以下情况下短元音的长度也有变化, 短元音在浊辅音前比在清辅音前长,bad-hat mud-cup leg-let big-sit dog-hot,/A/,除了在浊辅音前外，一般情况下也比其他短元音略长,men-man said-sad bed-bad,短元音,/,和,/,/,在词尾非重读音节中发音较长较清晰,better-alone doctor-forget city-exam,22,三元音,在双元音,/e,、,、,、,/,后面紧接元音,/,，,称作三元音；三元音有两个音节。三元音的第二个音十分弱化，几乎是从第一个音直接滑向第三个音。三元音读音错误比较多，尤其是,/ 5/,，,往往被读成,/ 5w/,/e,/,greyer player betrayal,/,/,fire quiet buyer liar lion tired,/,/,royal employer,/,tower hour flower shower coward,/,grower thrower lower,23,英语辅音,the consonants,英语辅音共有,28,个，可以分为两大类：清辅音和浊辅音,清辅音,voiceless consonants,/ p t k f s F W h tF /,浊辅音,voiced consonants,/ b d g v z V T r dV m n N l(,) w j/,英语辅音都受发音器官某一部位的阻碍；按照发音方式，辅音可以分为六类,爆破音,plosive consonants,/p b t d k g/,摩擦音,fricative consonants,/ f v s z F V W T h r/,破擦音,affricate consonants,/ tF dV tr dr ts dz /,鼻 音,nasal consonants,/ m n N/,舌侧音,lateral consonants,/ l (,)/,半元音,semi-vowels,/ w j/,24,清辅音,/p t k/,在,/s/,后面应减少送气，即爆破减弱,/p-/,-,/sp-/,peak-speak peach-speech pair-spare,/t-/,-,/st-/,team-steam till-still tone-stone,/k-/,-,/sk-/,key-ski kill-skill kin-skin Kate-skate,注：在窄式音标中将送气的爆破音写为,/p t k/,或,/p,t,k,/,；,而将不送气的爆破音写为,/p t k/,把,park,写为,/pB:k/,或,/p,B:k/,把,spark,写为,/spB:k/,25,/F/,she ship shoe push British wish social fashion,/V/,measure usual television pleasure visual,/tr/,tree try train truck traffic travel trick introduce,/dr/,drain dry drop drink draw dream dress dragon,/F V /,/ tF dV/,/tr dr/,26,/w/-/v/,wine-vine worse-verse wise-vice wail-vail wake-vague wane-vain Walt-vault,While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washingtons windows with warm washing water.Who washed Washingtons white woolen underwear when Washingtons washer woman went west?The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver. Vincent vowed vengeance very vehemently.,27,/,/,n +,/k, g/,/, ,g,/,thi,nk,/,W,Nk,/,a,nx,ious,/,5,s,/,anchor,/,5,Nk,/,fra,nk,/,/,monkey,/,5m,Nk,/,conquer,/,5k,Nk,/,engage,/,5,Ng,e,dV,/,fi,ng,er,/,5f,g,E,/,si,ng,le,/,5s,g,l,/,hu,ng,ry /,5h,g,r,/ la,ng,uage /,5l,g,w,dV,/ E,ng,lish /,5,g,l,/,/k, g/,/,/,28,音节,在英语中，元音发音响亮，一个元音可以构成一个音节，如,I,/a,/,、,ear,/,/,；一个元音和一个或几个辅音结合也可以构成音节，如,man,/m,n/,、,stand,/st,nd/,。一般来说，元音可以构成音节，辅音不响亮，不能构成音节，但英语中的四个辅音,/l/,、,/m/,、,/n/,、,/N/,发音也很响亮，它们和其他辅音结合，也可以构成音节叫,成节音,，往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节，如,apple,/,5,pl,/,、,reason,/,5,ri:,zn,/,。,29,单词重音,双音节词,a),一般在第一个音节重读,:,letter sorry England movement,exercise,b),有,a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans-,等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音,:,about believe address decide condemn respect compare inform discuss impress mistake enforce prepare employ permit escape produce exclaim translate,report,30,c),有,de-, in-, re-, con-, pre-,等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上,:,record- record insult- insult conduct- conduct present- present desert- desert import- import produce- produce,object- object,d),有些复合词和带有前缀,re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, -teen,等的词，有两个重音,:,outside retell well-known unreal fourteen Chinese pre-war post-war,31,单词重音,多音节词,a),一般倒数第三个音节是重音,:,5,difficult,5,communist,5,family e,5,conomy,5,exercise,5,interesting oppor,5,tunity de,5,mocracy,possi,5,bility,b),有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音,:,5,carefully in,5,definite,5,comfortable con,5,ductor ac,5,cording dis,5,turbance,5,complicated es,5,tablishment,32,c),词尾有,-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, -ive,后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上,:,5,courteous cal,5,ligraphy edi,5,torial his,5,torian mathe,5,matics ex,5,perience suf,5,ficient i,5,dentify trans,5,lation re,5,ligious curi,5,osity pro,5,tective mathema,5,tician,d),词尾有,-ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette,后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音,:,en,ter,5,tain,employ,5,ee,mountai,5,neer,Japa,5,nese,ciga,5,rette,33,复合词的重音,复合名词的重音一般在第一个音节上,5,blackboard,5,anybody,5,handbag,5,bookstore,5,hot dog,5,classroom,5,pickpocket,5,lifestyle,5,website,5,sleeping,car com,5,puter games,5,middle school,5,sitting room,复合动词的重音一般在第二个音节,9,ill,5,treat,9,over,5,do,有些复合词有双重音,5,kind,5,hearted,5,three-,5,legged,5,after,5,noon,少数复合词的重音在第二个音节上,what,5,ever your,5,self through,5,out,34,有些复合词的重音位置对词义的变化有影响,5,darkroom,暗房,5,dark,5,room,黑暗的房间,5,greenhouse,温室,5,green,5,house,绿色的房屋,5,bluebottle,矢车菊,5,blue,5,bottle,兰色的瓶子,5,blackboard,黑板,5,black,5,board,黑色的木板,5,English,book,英语教材,5,English,5,book,英文书,(printed in English),35,5,blackbird,乌鸫,贩卖黑奴,5,black,5,bird,黑色的鸟,5,shorthand,速记,5,short,5,hand,时针,5,toy,shop,玩具店,5,toy,5,shop,玩具商店,(,玩具,),5,baby doctor,儿科医生,5,baby,5,doctor,年轻的医生,5,White House,白宫,5,white,5,house,白色的房屋,36,重音的转移,5,after,5,noon,5,this after,5,noon,5,afternoon,5,tea,5,four,5,teen Hes four,5,teen.,5,fourteen,5,years,5,Chi,5,nese Were Chi,5,nese. the,5,Chinese,5,people,5,un,5,known,5,quite un,5,known an,5,unknown,5,fact,5,in,5,side,5,come in,5,side an,5,inside,5,seat,37,音的变化,在实际交际中，音素总是一连串地发出，说话或朗读时，我们是以短语或句子为单位的。在单词、短语或句子中，音素的相互影响会引起因素发音的变化,1.,辅音连缀,/sp/,speak spill spot spade The spy speaks no truth.,/st/,star stay story study steam stand stare stare at the stars,/sk/,skate sky skin school sketch,38,其他,sph,ere Sphinx,sm,all smoke smog,sn,ow snob,sl,eep slave,sw,eep sway Swiss,pr,int,tw,ice twin twelve,cl,ass,cr,y cream cross,qu,ite quick queen,bl,ue blind,br,ead bright,gl,ass globe grow,gr,een clear climb,dw,ell,fl,y flesh flag,fr,om afraid,thr,ee throw thrice,shr,imp,spr,ing spread spray,spl,ash,str,eet strong,scr,eam describe split,squ,are squat,str,aight,39,辅音连缀练习,caps books desks stops dogs leaves cl,othes,ribs tools doors bridges oranges watches stopped coughed asked watched laughed robbed killed begged called holds bathed closed rests breasts giftscosts fields seemed spends,40,He could read ten pages in three minutes.The six small foxes fight for the cakes on the desks.He likes playing tricks on others.She stopped and asked for directions.He spends a lot of time working in his corn fields.He lends all his money to his classmates.Id go to the ends of the earth to see her again.,41,2.,连读,辅音,+,元音,come out look at take it off beat it drop in put on bend over keep onan orange one of us,half an hour,read it stand up,put it on not at all first of all a cup of tea take it easy back in a minute in an hour pick it up an hour and a half let him in A group of people put on their coats and went out.,42,/r/,+,元音,far away after all for ever a pair of our own there is for example After all, this is our own home.,元音,+,元音,go on how old go away try again I love you and all. How are you? No end Say it again. I am who elseWe are . see it try it see off any other we agree May I?two oclock in the afternoon,43,连读练习,Take a look at it.Ill be back in half an hour.Will it take a lot of time to go to town on foot?There is a pair of shoes.She was away from her own country for a long time.Shall we meet at ten oclock tomorrow morning?Each of us had a sandwich and a cup of tea.Is it very cloudy outside?Those who are quick can go early.Do I have to do every exercise?Many of us will go out tonight.Everybody can see that he is blue in the face.,44,3.,失去爆破和不完全爆破,爆破音,+,爆破音,blackboard goodbye football active postcard September Octobergood girl next time first period stop talking bad cold pocket book keep quiet sit down wet ground next door waste time a great dealhard times quite different take care,45,爆破音,+,其他辅音,advice picture advance redfish lipstick upstairs thanks old friends loud voice get there ask them deep snow good jobs short story red stars a bit shy a big child first visit get through quite sure just then good student just think bright sky ask them keep silent a smart shirt cold drink a sweet dream the first train,46,鼻腔爆破,/,t,d,/,+,/m,n/,certain,/5s:tn/,hidden,/5h,dn/,frighten Britain written garden wooden,Good morning. round moon a fat man good news white night a loud noise good memory quite near,舌侧爆破,/t,d/,+,/l/,gentle,/5dVentl/,middle,/5m,dl/,little title settle needle model candle,outline lately friendly hardly at last at lunch red lantern a good leader,47,音的同化,一个音受其一个相邻音的影响而发成另一个音,/,t,/,+,/,j,/,/,t,F/,Im glad to meet you.,/a,m 5glAd t 5mi:,tF,u/,I thought you would come.,/a,t,F,u 9wud,k,m/,/,d,/,+,/,j,/,/dV/,education,/9e,dV,U5ke,Fn/,Did you see him?,/5d,dV,U 5si: hIm/,48,/,z,/,+,/,j,/,/VV/,I havent seen you these years.,/a,5hAvnt 5si:n h,m 5Ti:,V,5,V,:z/,其他变化,Please show me the way.,/5pli:,V,5FU m,T 5we,/,Does she like it?,/d,F,F,5la,k,t/ /d,V,F,5laik,t/,Of course she does.,/v 5k,V,F,d,z/,I,used to,swim in the lake.,/a,ju:st,sw,m,n,T 5le,k/,49,issue,/5,sju:/, /5,F,u:/,this year,/5T,FV,E/,that year,/5TA,tF,E/,Cant you see it?,/5kB:n,tF,J 5si:,t/,How do you do.,/5haJ,dV,J 5du:/,Would you do it?,/5wJ,dV,J 5du:,t/,In bed,/,n 5bed/, /,m,5bed/,加后缀,-s,和,-ed,的读音规则是根据清浊音的同化现象而形成的,lamps desks beats walked hoped asked washed dogs cities plays praised cried,50,有些词的拼写方法与清浊音的同化有关,five-fifteen-fifth twelve-twelfthdescribe-description,有些词的读音变化与清浊音的同化有关,news,/njU:,z,/,newspaper,/5nju:,s,peip/,goose,/gU:,s,/,gooseberry,/5gU,z,brI/,51,弱读,a,/,A friend in need is a friend in deed.,an,/n/,An apple a day keeps the doctor away.,the,/T/ /T,/,The more the better. the apple on the old table,be,/b,/,Dont be late. Do be quiet. Ill be ready soon.,52,is,/z/ /s/,Johns at home. Its nice