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,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,专题八 科普知识型阅读理解,专题八科普知识型阅读理解,专题导读,专题八,专题导读,科普说明文的特征,1,结构严谨，逻辑性强。科普类文章属于解释类说明体裁，和叙事类文章不同，它有明确的主题，论证主题的事实以及严谨的逻辑结构，层次分明，段落清晰。一般由导语,(introduction),、背景,(background),、主体,(mainbody),和结尾,(ends),四部分构成，在段首和段尾常出现主题句。,专题八,专题导读,2,从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。它没有文学英语中常采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手段，一词多义的现象也并不多见。由于科普类文章读者对象是大众，所以语言上力求浅显易懂，用通俗的语言解释某种科学现象和科学道理，但其中有些词汇仍带有很强的术语性的烙印。但通过上下文解释考生可以推定词义，从而顺利解题。因此，科普类文章中尽管有专业词汇和术语，但可以通过上下文意、构词法等来理解题目，猜出词义。,专题八,专题导读,3,从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，准确地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。,4,常用下列一些结构形式：,(1),常使用被动语态，定语从句等。,(2),虚拟语气经常出现。因为科学家在对事物和现象进行研究，探讨和论证时，总是避免武断。因此很多解释和陈述都要用虚拟语气。,专题八,专题导读,科普说明文的解题技巧,1,在阅读时，考生需先通读短文，把握文章大意，了解该短文是解释何种科学现象或科学道理，抓住体现本文主题的关键词和关键句，提高阅读速度。,2,要做好科普类文章试题，考生还要掌握这类文章的特点及结构，真正读懂并理解它。在阅读这类文章时要遵循此类文章的一般结构：导语、背景、主体和结尾。导语一般位于文章的首段，背景交代一个事实的起因，主体则对导语所概括的事实进行详细叙述，结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并常常与导语相呼应。阅读时，要注意短文的开头和结尾。它们往往提出或归纳某一要点或中心思想。,专题八,专题导读,3,在了解全文大意和结构的基础上，学会解决,what,、,how,、,why,等一类的问题，它们是文章的关键，如能带着这些问题去阅读，将会更迅速地抓住文章的主题。,另外，还要多读些科普类文章，比如有关以下主题的文章：太空与海洋、保护环境、创造与发明、动物世界等。这样长期坚持，既开阔了视野，又能正确迅速地做好此类试题。,专题八,真题典例,真题典例,2011,北京卷,As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries, a new electrical generating(,发电,)and transmission(,输送,) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse. Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community. The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.,专题八,真题典例,The 19th century saw land grants (,政府拨地,) offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads, leaving public land in between privately owned land. In much of the West, some of the railroad sections were developed while others remained undeveloped, and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management. With the completion of the interstate highway system, many of the small towns, which sprang up as railway stops and developed well, have lost their lifeblood and died.,专题八,真题典例,Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to readily take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.,So tradeoffs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species will be forced to move, or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.,专题八,真题典例,The lasting effects of these tradeoffs are another matter. The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.,专题八,真题典例,The money set aside in negotiated tradeoffs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines. So lets remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.,【,解析,】,这是一篇科普类的说明文。对比高速公路，铁路建设对美国西部的影响，作者探讨了可替代能源建设在开展时对该地区的影响，建议在建设中要采取审慎的态度。,专题八,真题典例,(,)1.What was the problem caused by the construction of the railways?,A,Small towns along the railways became abandoned.,B,Some railroad stops remained underused.,C,Land in the West was hard to manage.,D,Land grants went into private hands.,【,解析,】,C,细节理解题。由第二段的,and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management,可以看出，铁路修建的问题造成了西部土地的管理难度加大。,专题八,真题典例,(,)2.What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two paragraphs?,A,The transmission of power.,B,The use of money and power.,C,The conservation of solar energy.,D,The selection of an ideal place.,【,解析,】,B,细节理解题。由倒数第二段的,as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money,以及最后一段第一句的叙述，可以看出，在可替代能源的开发中最大的问题就是“,money and power”,。,专题八,真题典例,(,)3.What is the authors attitude towards building solar plants?,A,Cautious. B,Approving.,C,Doubtful. D,Disapproving.,【,解析,】,A,观点推测题。由文章结构来看，作者首先分析了发展可替代能源,太阳能的重大意义，并提出了：,a new electrical generating(,发电,) and transmission(,输送,) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse.,然后分析了该项目的问题：,money and power,，由此可以推出作者的态度是谨慎的。,专题八,真题典例,(,)4.Which is the best title for the passage?,A,How the Railways Have Affected the West,B,How Solar Energy Could Reshape the West,C,How the Effects of Power Plants Can Be Reduced,D,How the Problems of the Highways Have Been Settled,【,解析,】,B,主旨大意题。文章的主题出现在第一段：,a new electrical generating(,发电,) and transmission(,输送,) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse,，最后一段又进行了升华概括：,will shape the West far beyond ,，由此可知答案。,专题八,新题预测,(,一,),Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees (,黑猩猩,) appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own. Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.,The new work by Sonya M,Kahlenberg and Richard W,Wrangham, described this week in the journal,Current,Biology,provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls, as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animals choice of playthings.,新题预测,专题八,新题预测,The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks. Doll play among humans could have its origins in object carrying by earlier apes (,猿类,), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.,“In humans, there are obvious sex differences in childrens toy play, and these are remarkably similar across cultures,，”,says Kahlenberg. “While socialization by elders and peers has,专题八,新题预测,been the primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”,In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stick carrying. Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick. “We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent,专题八,新题预测,something like playing with dolls,，”,says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard. “If the doll hypothesis (,假设,) was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks when they had their first child. We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.”,【,解析,】,本文是科普阅读。研究发现，雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。,专题八,新题预测,(,)1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks?,A,She gives them to her child to play with.,B,She treats them as dolls.,C,She makes useful tools from them.,D,She treats them as weapons.,【,解析,】B,细节理解题。从文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。,专题八,新题预测,(,)2.What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage?,A,Sex difference.,B,Socialization.,C,Environment.,D,Cultural difference.,【,解析,】,A,细节理解题。综合分析文章可知，性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。,专题八,新题预测,(,)3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _.,A,socialization has nothing to do with humans choice of playthings,B,sex difference is the only factor in humans choice of playthings,C,the biology factor may also influence toy choice,D,people choose different toys in different cultures,【,解析,】,C,推理判断题。从第四段可知，这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。,专题八,新题预测,(,)4.Wrangham probably believes that _.,A,observing so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusion,B,the study proves human beings have evolved (,进化,) from chimpanzees,C,all chimpanzees treat the sticks as dolls,D,children playing with sticks are abnormal,【,解析,】,A,推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。,专题八,新题预测,(,)5.It can be concluded from the passage that _.,A,both humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex difference,B,different factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthings,C,only female chimpanzees have playthings,D,chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children,【,解析,】,A,推理判断题。综合文章信息可知，无论是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。,专题八,新题预测,(,二,),For all the dinner table, a glass of milk seems to be a constant, at least it was when I was growing up. It was widely believed that milk was integral in building strong bones and teeth. Theres no doubt that dairy products(,乳制品,), and milk in particular, are high in protein and calcium, and most milk products are supplemented with Vitamin D and A.,While its well known that our bones need calcium, some studies suggest that high calcium intake doesnt necessarily,专题八,新题预测,lower a persons risk for fractures(,骨折,). A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.,Theres no doubt that we need calcium. Some anti dairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to heart disease. Much of this claim is based on high fat and high dairy products, like cheeses and creams, which may indeed contribute to cardiovascular problems. Some studies have linked high milk,专题八,新题预测,intakes with a risk of prostate cancer; this seems to be caused by high fat dairy products, not dairy in general.,Although milk was always regarded as one of the most important thing we need for our bones, yet least promoted, factors involved in strengthening bones. Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food. If you like it, eat it. If not, find,some,_,others,. Because some claims may not be completely true, when I eat a cream, Im not thinking about calcium, protein, or any such thing. Im thinking delicious.,专题八,新题预测,(,)1. Which of the following is TRUE on the milk?,A,The more milk you drink, the more risk for fractures you might be.,B,The more milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be.,C,The less milk you drink, the less risk for fractures you might be.,D,There is no link between them.,专题八,新题预测,【,解析,】D,细节理解题。根据第二段的,A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.,可以推断出牛奶的饮用量和骨折之间没有必要的联系。,专题八,新题预测,(,)2.Some anti dairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to diseases EXCEPT_.,A,cardiovascular problems,B,heart disease,C,prostate cancer,D,stomach cancer,【,解析,】,D,细节理解题。根据第三段的有关信息可以得知文中没有涉及胃癌的问题。,专题八,新题预测,(,)3.The underlined words “some others” in the last paragraph refer to_.,A,dairy products,B,milk,C,food,D,cream,【,解析,】,C,词义猜测题。根据最后一段,Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food. If you like it, eat it.,可知作者的观点是如果喜欢就吃，不喜欢就换其他的食品,(,物,),。,专题八,新题预测,(,)4.Whats the authors attitude towards milk?,A,He doesnt like milk any more.,B,He used to drink milk as a child.,C,He regards milk as a nutrient.,D,He always cares about calcium, protein when he eats something.,【,解析,】,B,推理判断题。根据第一段的,at least it was when I was growing up,可以推断出作者在小时候是常喝牛奶的。,专题八,新题预测,(,)5.We can learn from the text that_.,A,all the claims are not completely true,B,high milk intakes can lead to cancer,C,its necessary for you to reduce milk intakes,D,give up milk for your health,【,解析,】,A,推理判断题。由最后一段,Because some claims may not be completely true,可以得知并不是所有的声明都是完全正确的。其中,all not,not all,表示部分否定，意为“并非所有的”。,
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