彻底搞清楚promoter--exon--intron--and-UTR-(有图有真相)

Titelmasterformat durch Klicken bearbeiten,Textmasterformate durch Klicken bearbeiten,Zweite Ebene,Dritte Ebene,Vierte Ebene,Fnfte Ebene,*,*,*,彻底搞清楚,promoter,exon,intron, and UTR,启动子,: RNA,聚合酶特异性识别和结合的,DNA,序列。,promoter,自然不属于,intron,和,Exon,的任何一个，属于,noncoding,sequence,。,noncoding,RNA,是现在研究的热点之一。我们常见的,MiRNA,SiRNA, antisense RNA tech,这些都是属于,ncRNA,的范围。只要你在进一步问下：这些,RNA,是哪里来的？你就知道部分答案，跟那些看似跟编码蛋白没有关系的,DNA,序列有关系。这部分,DNA,有个统称就,junk DNA,，垃圾或者冗余,DNA,，他们编码的,RNA,就属于,ncRNA,.,RNAi,就是迄今最经典的,ncRNA,功能典范。,An,exon,is a sequence of DNA that is expressed (transcribed) into RNA and then often, but with many noteworthy exceptions1 , translated into protein. Adjacent,exons,may be separated by an,intron, which is later removed from the RNA transcript via the splicing mechanism.,(From Wikipedia),UTR,（,Untranslated,Regions,),即非翻译区，是信使,RNA,（,mRNA,）分子两端的非编码片段。,5-UTR,从,mRNA,起点的甲基化鸟嘌呤核苷酸帽延伸至,AUG,起始密码子，,3-UTR,从编码区末端的终止密码子延伸至多聚,A,尾巴（,Poly-A,）的末端。,转录（Transcription）是遗传信息从DNA到 RNA的转移。即以双链DNA中的一条链为模板，以ATP、CTP、GTP和UTP4种核苷三磷酸为原料，在RNA聚合酶催化下合成RNA的过程。,Promoter,gene,CDS,DNA,：,Pre mRNA,：,CDS,CDS,Mature mRNA,：,CDS,CDS,CDS,Poly A,XXXXXXAUGXXXX,.U,GAXXXXXXXXXXAAUAAAAAAAAAA,start,codon,:,AUG,stop,codons,：,UGA, UAG, UAA,5UTR,3UTR,PolyA,ATGXXXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXTGA,ORF(,open,reading,frame,),cDNA,：,TSS: transcription start site,CDS(Coding,sequence),PolyA,是后来加上去的。,Gene,里没有,cDNA,中有。,5UTR,3UTR,3UTR,5UTR,cap,Intron,1,Exon,1,Exon,2,Intron,2,Exon,3,Gray area: 5UTR (1-45),TSS: transcription start site,Green area:,intron,Intron1 (73-1216),CDS (46-72),Start,codon,: ATG,5UTR,3UTR,Exon1,Intron1,Example1,IL17A interleukin 17AHomo sapiens,Location : 6p12,Sequence : Chromosome: 6; NC_000006.11 (52051185.52055436),gene 1.4252,mRNA join(1.72,1217.1419,2669.4252),CDS join(46.72,1217.1419,2669.2906),Exon2,Intron2,Exon3,Example1,IL17A interleukin 17AHomo sapiens,Location : 6p12,Sequence : Chromosome: 6; NC_000006.11 (52051185.52055436),gene 1.4252,mRNA join(1.72,1217.1419,2669.4252),CDS join(46.72,1217.1419,2669.2906),Gray area: 3UTR (2907-4252),Green area:,intron,Intron2 (1420-2668),CDS (2669-4252),End,codon,: TAA,Example2:,Cx3cr1,chemokine,(C-X3-C) receptor 1 ,Mus,musculus,Location : 9 F4; 9,Sequence : Chromosome: 9; NC_000075.6 (120048693.120068282, complement),gene 1.19590,mRNA join(1.78,15940.19590),CDS 15949.17013,Gray area: 5UTR (,15940-15948,),in exon2,Green area: Intron1(79-15939),CDS (,15949-17013,),Start,codon,: ATG,End,codon,: TGA,5UTR,3UTR,Exon1,Intron1,互补链上,Gray area:,3,UTR (,17014-19590,),in exon2,Exon,2,常见问题：,问：,Promoter,在,DNA,序列中是算内含子还是外显子？,答：都不是。,属于,noncoding,sequence,。,问：,UTR,在,DNA,序列中是算内含子还是外显子？,答：,外显子,。,问：起始密码子,ATG,在,gene,的哪个位置？,答：外显子内，,CDS,以,ATG,开始。,问：每个基因之间都有一定的间隔序列，这些基因间的间隔序列应该不属于内含子吧,？,答：是的。,属于,noncoding,sequence,。,问：如何寻找启动子区域和预测转录因子结合位点,？,答：见我的帖子,