GM Update on Flex-Fuel Vehicle Challenges in CA

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,GM Update on Flex-Fuel Vehicle Challenges in CA,1,California Emission Standardsand E85 Flex-Fuel Vehicles,FFVs,fueled with E85 are generally cleaner than gasoline vehicles,But there are conflicts between the California emission standards and E85,FFVs,that are causing sales restrictions,FFVs,fueled with E85 yield large reductions in greenhouse gas emissions,But the California greenhouse gas regulations provide no practical incentive for E85,FFVs,2,E85 Is Cleaner than Gasoline,Flex-fuel vehicles are generally cleaner when fueled with E85 than with gasoline,Tailpipe emissions are lower,Lower,NOx,Lower CO,HC about the same on a reactivity adjusted basis,Evaporative emissions are lower,Lower permeation,Lower vapor pressure,3,Conflict Between California Standards & E85 FFVs,The most stringent categories of the California emission standards present unique technical challenges,California SULEV exhaust standard technical challenges,Compliance required on E85 as well as gasoline,Compliance required at normal temperature (75F) and cold temperature (50F),Control of non-methane organic gas (NMOG) emissions during cold start more difficult on E85 due to the different volatility characteristics of E85,NMOG emissions exceed NMOG standard before catalyst warmed-up,California zero evaporative emissions standard technical challenges,Evaporative emissions compliance requires testing on worst-case blend (E10),Higher permeation and vapor pressure than E85 and gasoline (E0),4,Physics behind the NMOG Challenge,More excess cold start fuel needed to compensate for lower E85 volatility,E85 excess fuel vaporized/emitted earlier & faster than gasoline,5,Evaporative Permeation Impact of E85,(CRC E65.3),6,Conflict Between California Standards & E85 FFVs,Compliance with SULEV exhaust standard is required under Californias LEV regulations,Fleet NMOG average,Compliance with SULEV exhaust standard is also required under Californias ZEV regulations,PZEV exhaust requirement,Compliance with zero evaporative emission standard is required under Californias ZEV regulations,PZEV evaporative requirement,7,California and Federal Emission Standard CategoriesCars & Trucks,8500 lbs GVWR,(Full Useful Life, Grams/Mile),8,LEV Regulations,ZEV Regulations,LEV,-,ULEV,-,SULEV,PZEV (SULEV + zero evap),ZEV,ZEV,Conflict Between California Standards & E85 FFVs,E85 FFVs have not achieved the SULEV or PZEV standards,Because of this, sales of E85 FFVs are being restricted in California and all states that have adopted the California standards,These sales restrictions will grow going forward,As more SULEVs and PZEVs are required for compliance,As more FFV models are introduced,9,FFVs Fueled with E85 ReduceGreenhouse Gas Emissions,On a lifecycle basis, ethanol provides large reductions in CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline,FFVs fueled with E85 represent the best opportunity to reduce greenhouse gases from the motor vehicle fleet, particularly in the near term,10,Californias Greenhouse Gas Regulations Provide No Practical Credit for E85,Flex fuel vehicles only get credited for E85 greenhouse gas benefit to the extent that the OEM can prove to CARB that the alternative fuel is actually used by the customer,“The manufacturer shall also provide data demonstrating the percentage of total vehicle miles traveled by the vehicles sold to each fleet using the alternative fuel and using gasoline.”,- California Code of Regulations, 1961.1(a)(1)(B)2.a.i.,11,Actual E85 Usage,FFV Production,Number and,Availability of,Refueling Stations,Proof of Usage,Price of E85,vs. Gasoline,Proving Actual E85 Usage,Auto manufacturer only controls FFV production.,12,Questions?,13,