语言学,第十二章

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,外国语学院,语言学教程,Part Two,Chapter 12,Theories & schools of modern linguistics,4. American Structuralism,5. Transformational-Generative Grammar,6. Case Grammar and Generative Semantics,4. American Structuralism,4.1 Early period: Boas and Sapir,4.2 Bloomfields theory,4.3 Post-,Bloomfieldian,Linguistics,(omitted),American Structuralism,American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. It developed in a very different style, from that of Europe, under the leadership of the anthropologist F. Boas (1858 - 1942), whose tradition has actually influenced the whole of the 20th-century American linguistics.,American Structuralism,Specialized in the anthropology of North America, Boas worked as organizer of a survey of the many indigenous,（本土的）,languages of America north of Mexico. The result of the survey was the book,Handbook of American Indian Languages (1911).,Boas trained the men who investigated other languages. For decades, all the great names of American linguists learned their subject from Boas at first or second hand.,Boas,1. Early period: Boas and Sapir,American Structuralism,Boas held that there was no ideal type or form of languages, for human languages were endlessly diverse. Boas was strongly opposed to the view that language is the soul of a race, and he proved that the structure and form of a language has nothing to do with the evolution of a race and the development of a culture. Thus, there were only differences in language structure, while there is no difference between languages in terms of being more or less reasonable or advanced.,Boas,He undertook the description of American Indian languages after,Boass,method.,Sapir-,Worf,Hypothesis,Universal features of language,Without language, thought is impossible, and there is no culture.,Sapir,Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech,(1921),An anthropological viewpoint,The nature of language and its development,Focus on typology,Elements of speech, the sounds of language, form in language, grammatical process, grammatical concepts, types of linguistic structure, and historical changes,Sapir,American Structuralism,2. Bloomfields theory,The principal representative of,American descriptive linguistics,is L. Bloomfield (1887 - 1949). He is such a landmark figure in the history of American linguistics that the period between 1933 and 1950 is known as,Bloomfieldian,Era, in which American,descriptive,linguistics,formally came into being and reached its prime development.,American Structuralism,Bloomfields,Language,(1933) was once held as the model of scientific methodology and the greatest work in linguistics in the twentieth century,which started,American structuralism as a school of thought.,For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as,BEHAVIORISM.,Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement, and the adults use of language is also a process of STIMULUS-RESPONSE.,2),Behaviourism,.,外部刺激：,Hunger,语言外部实际反应：,get her an apple,语言的代替性反应：,I want an apple,语言的代替性刺激：,Ok, Ill get it for you.,Linguistic utterances can be substitutes for stimulus and response,外界刺激,语言反应,行为反应,语言刺激,.,Mental processes,of the speaker,Mental processes,of the hearer,Observable parts: utterances,Learning a language involves constant practice and repetition in real situations rather than merely teaching language learners grammatical theories.,American Structuralism,3. Post-,Bloomfieldian,linguistics,Influenced by Bloomfields Language, American linguists such as Z. Harris (1909-), C.,Hockett,(1916-2000), G.,Trager, H. L. Smith, A. Hill, and R. Hall further developed structuralism, characterized by a,strict empiricism.,1) Harris,Methods in Structural Linguistics,marking the maturity of American descriptive linguistics,.,2),Hockett,A Course in Modern Linguistics,a well-known textbook in the American descriptive tradition,3) K. Pike,their technique of linguistic analysis ,TAGMEMICS.,4) Sydney M. Lamb,cognitive stratification theory,5. Transformational-Generative Grammar,NOAM CHOMSKY,(1928- ), institute professor at MIT. Linguist, philosopher, and political activist.,1) Early theories (1957),Innateness hypothesis,Language acquisition mechanism,Competence and performance,Transformations: generating an infinite set of sentences from a finite set of elements,Deep structure and surface structure,Phrase structure rules,Transformations,Phrase structure rules,S, NP VP,VP V NP,NP ,Det,N,V act, beat, catch, dive, ,N man, boy, book, flower, .,短语结构规则,Transformational rules,NP,1,+ Aux + V + NP,2,John + will + write + a story,NP,2,+ Aux + be + en + V + by + NP,1,a story + will + be + en + write + by + John,转换规则,The five stages of development of TG Grammar:,1) The classical theory (1957),2) The standard theory (1965),3) Extended standard theory,4) GB/PP theory (1981),5) The Minimalist Program,2) TG Grammar,6. Revisionists? Rebels?,1. Case Grammar,Case Grammar is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C.J. Fillmore in the late 1960s.,In this grammar, the verb is the most important part of the sentence, and has a number of case-making relationships with various noun phrases.,2. Generative Semantics.,Generative Semantics, developed in the late1960s and early 1970s, is a reaction to Chomskys Syntactic- based TG Grammar.,The leading figures are J.R. Ross, G.,Lakoff, J.D.,Cawley, and,P.Postal,.,Generative Semantics considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure.,Generative Semantics holds that there is no principled distinction between syntactic processes and semantic processes.,Thank you!,