托福基础语法

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2011-12-23,#,托福,基础语法,国外部,史月,什么是语法,(Grammar),？,语言的章法,课程安排,宏观,写作,阅读,微观,7333,七种句子成分,三种句子类型,三大类从句,三种特殊句型,句子的七种成分,句子的七种成分,主谓宾,定状补,同位语,句子的核心,谓语,谓语,什么词性可以作谓语？,一个简单句中谓语动词的个数？,造句：,有许多同学都想出国,有,there be,许多同学,many students,都想出国,want to go abroad.,There,are,many students,want,to go abroad.,There,are,many students,wanting,to go abroad.,There,are,many students,who,want,to go abroad.,造句,广告类作文,在许多,地方性的报纸和国家发行的报纸,上,都有关于假期的广告和信息,。,地方性的,local,国家的, national,There are,advertisements and information about holidays on many local and national newspapers.,Many local and national newspapers,carry,advertisements and information about holidays.,时 态,动词,在不同时间下的“变态”,一般,进行,完成,完成进行,现在,do,am/is/are doing,have /has done,have/has been doing,过去,did,was/were doing,had done,X,将来,will,do,will be doing,will have done,X,过去将来,X,X,X,X,一般现在时态,目前存在的状态、性质,太空探索是崇高的理想。,Space exploration is a high ideal.,一般现在时态,2.,经常发生的动作、习惯,网上学习只提供了与机器的交流。,E-learning; interaction,E-learning only provide interactions with a machine.,E-learning only,provides,interactions with a machine.,一般现在时态,3.,客观真理、客观存在,哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。,Columbus,proved,that the earth,was round,.,Columbus,proved,that the earth,is,round.,一般过去时态,表示在过去时间里发生过的事情。,主语,+,v,过去式,一般过去时态,大众以往只从包括报纸、杂志、电视、收音机等传统媒体中获取信息。,used to obtain,the public,；,traditional media,The public,used,to obtain,information merely from traditional media, including newspaper, magazines, TV and radio.,一般过去时态,It is high/about time that ,did,现在是,时候了,现在是电子书籍完全取代纸质书籍的时候了。,It is about time that electronic books completely,replaced,paper books.,现在是政府和普通市民联合起来保护日益恶化的环境的时候了。,join together/ join hand in,hand / deteriorating,It,is,high,time,that,the government and common people,joined,hand in hand to protect the,deteriorating,environment.,一般将来时,表示将要发生的事情,shall/will +,v,.,be going to/ be about to,一般将来时,地球有一天将会不适合人类居住。,be suitable for,Mankind / human beings,The earth,will,not,be,suitable for mankind to live,one,day,.,现在进行时,1.,表示此时此刻或当前一段时间内,正在 发生,的事情,。,be + doing,现在进行时态,成百上千万人都在挣扎，只为了可以度日。,Millions of people are struggling simply to live from day to day.,新的媒体正在出现,New media are showing up.,现在进行时态,2.go,come,leave,arrive,return(,去来离到,),等动词现在进行时可以表示将要发生的、计划好、安排好的事情,。,You are going to Britain next year.,He is arriving at 10 p.m.,Im leaving for Beijing.,造句,如果我们忽视环境保护，全球性的生态危机就快到了。,come/approach / ecological crisis / neglect,A global,ecological,crisis,is,approaching,if we neglect environmental protection.,现在完成时态,过去发生，已经完成，对现在有影响,have/has + done,区别,：,I loved him.,I,have loved him.,现在完成时态,在研究人类长寿的问题上，医生已经取得很大的进展。,Doctors,have,made,a great,breakthrough,in human longevity.,过去完成时态,过去的过去！,Had done,在电视机发明之前，广播是最主要的交流工具。,Radio,had been,the most important communication tool before TV,was,invented,.,动词的语态,动词的语态,主动语态,被动语态：,be + done,为了保护公民的生命和财产，人们在繁忙的城镇安装,摄像头,Install / camera,People install the,cameras,in the busy downtown, in order to protect the citizens life and property.,Cameras,are,installed,in busy downtowns in order to protect citizens life and property.,主语,主语,名词,代词,动名词,不定式,名词性从句,主语从句,名词作主语,一些,城市,貌似比其他,的,城市,拥有更好的教育。,貌似,seem to have,更好的教育,better education,Some,cities,seem to have better education than,others,.,一些城市，地区和国家貌似比其他的地区和国家拥有更好的教育。,Some towns, cities, regions and countries,seem,to have better education than others.,动名词作主语,同其他孩子在一起并且分享经验能够使孩子更有社交能力。,同其他孩子在一起,spend time with other children,分享经验,share experiences,使孩子更有社交能力,make children more sociable,Spending,time with other children and,sharing,experiences can make children more sociable.,不定式作为主语,在工作有压力时，保持冷静是很重要的。,保持冷静, keep calm,It,is important to,keep calm while working under pressure.,Keeping calm,while working under pressure is important.,To,keep calm,while working under pressure is important.,主语从句作为主语,X,让我吃惊。,X,shocked me,.,X,：,She,used to be a man,.,That,she,used,to,be a,man,shocked me.,宾语,宾语,名词,代词,动名词,不定式,名词性从句,宾语从句,问题：找宾语,没有,人能否人这一事实,:,教育是人生最重要的一方面,.,No,one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life,.,定 语,修饰成分,定语,定语,“的”,修饰名词,形容词,贝多芬是一个天生的音乐家,。,Beethoven is a natural musician.,名词充当定语,前置,规律,：,名词短语,N1 + N2,中心词永远是最后一个名词,N2,前面的名词,N1,作为定语,。,Eg.,a,table,cloth,a,college,student,有关,Of,的那点事,of,prep.,“,的”,of,前后连接名词短语,规律：,the +,N1,+ of +,N2,中,of,的,理解,方法,N1,是普通名词，则,of,结构,翻,译成：,N2,的,N1,2) N1,是动词,V1,变来的名词，且,V1,与,N2,为动宾关系，则,of,结构,翻,译成：,对,N2,的,N1,of,前后连接名词短语,the beauty of,nature,the,protection,of,nature,the book of,the teacher,the,criticism,of,the teacher,the screen of,the computer,the,screening,of,harmful information,介词结构作定语,穿裙子的男人,The man in the skirt,is Xiao Shenyang.,不定式作定语,The old provide the young with enough money to spend.,n + (to do),每个人，不论男女，都有在大学学习的同等机会。,不论男女,male or female,Everyone, male or female, has equal opportunities to study in universities.,从句作定语,定语从句,“的”,定语从句,Any,teacher,would be dismissed instantly.,Any,teacher,who,hit children would be dismissed instantly.,Teacher,hit children.,who,状语,作用：修饰动词，形容词，或者整个句子,可以作为状语的词：,副词,介词短语（介宾）,动词不定式,分词,从句,副词做状语,他们通常会比其他的孩子更有自信。,通常,generally,They are generally more confident than other children.,介宾结构,这一周以来，我都感觉我有点病了。,这一周以来,for a week,I have been feeling slightly ill for a week.,动词不定式作状语,我到这里来，是为了和你说再见。,I come here only to say good-bye to you.,为了赶上第一辆公车，他跑的很快。,He ran very fast in order to catch the first bus.,We saw a flower show,walking,through the park.,We saw a flower show.,We walked through the park.,We saw a flower show,when,we walked through the park.,现在分词作状语,阅读,重要句法：,S + V , v-ing ,S + V , v-ed ,第一种变化：,V-ing , S + V ,V-ed , S + V ,分词作状语,第二种变化：,Conj,. + v-ing , S + V ,Conj,. + v-ed , S + V ,Walking,through the park, we saw a flower show.,When,walking,through the park, we saw a flower show.,Seen,from the hill, the city looks magnificent.,If,seen,from the hill, the city looks magnificent.,分词作状语,从句做状语,状语从句,状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，,其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。,在观众享受赛马或者斗牛的时候，动物们在遭受痛苦。,赛马,horse racing,斗牛, bull fighting,受苦, suffer,When the audience enjoy horse racing or bull fighting, the animals are suffering,状语从句,种类：,时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,条件状语从句,目的状语从句,方式状语从句,让步状语从句,比较状语从句,同位语,一个,名词,/,或,其它,形式,对,另一,个,名词或代词,进行,修饰，限定或说明，这个名词,(,或其它形式,),就是同位语,。,同位语,名词,代词,数词,形容词,名词,词组或分词,词,有明确引导,词的同位语,名词充当同位语,He wrote a biography of the Russian writer,Tolstoy,.,You,girls,are much more active than us,boys,.,This is Professor Baker,head of our department,.,They are staying at Miami,a summer resort in Florida,.,We completed the project in six months,half the usual time,.,代词充当同位语,We,both,came from Australia.,The theory,itself,is all right.,We,each,put forward a proposal.,They,none of them,said anything.,She seemed different from us,all,.,数词充当同位语,Is there room for us,two,?,You,three,sit here.,Another example is John Brown, now,66, who has been here for 40 years.,形容词充当同位语,People,old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors.,Middle-aged,tall and thin, he used to be a famous singer.,名词词组或分词词组充当同位语,Mary,normally a timid girl, argued with them about it.,It has several waiting rooms,filled with chairs and sofas,.,Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer.,有明确引导词的同位语,They visit eight European countries,for example,London and Paris,.,New Zealand possesses rich mineral deposits,including,gold,.,The children like animals,particularly,the panda,.,I like all the kids,especially,Lester,.,I like only one boy,namely,George,.,He is a cutter,that is to say,a man who sells knives and sharp tools,.,1.,主,+,谓,2.,主,+,谓,+,宾,3.,主,+,谓,+,双宾,4.,主,+,谓,+,复合宾语,5.,主,+,系,+,表,简单句句式,句子冗长,结构复杂,经常作为出题点,阅读长难句特点,快速读出主谓宾,理解,一些特殊句型,读懂句子在上下文中的作用,怎样才能真正理解长难句？,他看书。,困倦的他在看书。,一夜没睡的困倦的他在看一本发黄的,旧,书。,靠在沙发上，没有血色的嘴唇上叨着一支不知什么时候早已经熄灭的雪茄烟，一夜没睡的他目光呆滞地借助一盏忽明忽亮的摇曳的油灯绝望地在无精打采地看着一本发黄了的、但却保存得颇为完整的现在市面上很难买到的名叫准备,英语,考试的你能读懂这句不仅无聊之极而且无耻之极的话么？的旧书。,靠在沙发上，没有血色的嘴唇上叨着一支不知什么时候早已经熄灭的雪茄烟，一夜没睡的,他,目光呆滞地借助一盏忽明忽亮的摇曳的油灯绝望地在无精打采地,看,着一本发黄了的、但却保存得颇为完整的现在市面上很难买到的名叫准备,英语,考试的你能读懂这句不仅无聊之极而且无耻之极的话么？的旧,书,。,句子分类,简单句,并列句,复合句,（三大从句）,句子分类,规律：句子的分类判断,只有一套主谓关系,简单句,。,有两套主谓关系，中间用,and/or/but/so,连接,并列句,。,有两套或以上主谓关系，句子之间用,that/if /wh-,等引导词连接,复合句,。,动词的各种形式：,动词原形,v.,动词第三人称单数,vs,动词过去式,v-ed,动词现在分词,v-ing,动词过去分词,v-ed,动词不定式,to do/(to) do,怎样找谓语动词,?,一定是谓语动词的动词形式：,动词第三人称单数,am / is / are / was / were,情态动词,can / may / must ,怎样找谓语动词,?,一定不是谓语动词的动词形式：,不定式,to do,独立存在的现在分词,v,-ing,独立存在的过去分词,v,-ed,可能是谓语动词的动词形式：,动词原形,v,.,v,-ed,（过去式）,怎样找谓语动词,?,A world rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades, is now said to be linked with increased air pollution.,Allergy,过敏,Asthma,哮喘,Automated techniques,to measure these characteristics and verify a persons identity infallibly,are attracting widespread attention,in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.,Infallible,绝对不会有错的,Verify,证实，核实,Government has encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre.,sort -,分类；,scheme -,方法；,respond -,回应；,pave -,铺路；,utilization -,使用；,fibre -,纤维,Government regulations limit,the oil content allowed to discharged,and,the produced water is,treated on the platforms to meet those specifications.,Content,内容，含量,Discharge v,排放,Specifications,n,.,规范；说明书,