大学生英语竞赛词汇与结构

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词汇与结构,一、考核要求与题型,该部分包含三种题型：词汇题、语法题、情景对话题。,出题形式为多项选择题（multiple choice),1、词汇题,熟练掌握大学英语教学大纲基本要求的4795个单词，700个短语，最好达到较高要求的6395个单词，1200个短语。,测试词义辨析,固定搭配,习惯用语,一、考核要求与题型,2、语法题,考查基础语法知识：,词类（冠词、代词、形容词和副词等）,谓语动词的时态、语态,非谓语动词（包括独立主格结构）,虚拟语气,复合句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句）,倒装句,一、考核要求与题型,3、情景对话,提供一定的语境，考查口语交际能力,以多项选择形式补全对话,二、题量分值,15,道题,每题,1,分,10,钟时间,三、解题技巧,词汇题：,考虑选项在句子上下文的含义,注意词语本身用法上的特点，注意词或词组意义之间的细微差别及词的固定搭配等,陌生词，可以从词的构词法（即前缀，词干，后缀）来确定词义，有时还可以从语感上读起来是否通顺来做出选择。,三、解题技巧,语法结构题,：,明确所考的语法内容,回忆该项,语法要,点并做出选择,如,：,做时态考题时，首先要看句中所提供的时间状语或已给的谓语动词的时态进行比较；若要求用非谓语动词，则要先考虑其在句中的语法功能，即作什么句子成分，还应考虑到它与谓语动词、逻辑主语和其他词类之间的搭配关系等。,2010,年真题解析,词汇题,31.D,32.C,33.A,34.C,36.D,37.A,40.B,语法题,35.B,38.C,39.C,41.D,42.A,43.B,情景对话题,44.B,45.D,一、词汇,二、语法,构词法,一、前缀：,1.,表示否定意义的前缀,1),纯否定前缀,dis- , dishonest, dislike,in-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-: incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular,ne-, n-, none, neither, never,non-, nonsense,neg-, neglect,un- , unable, unemployment,2),表示错误的意义,male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(,失调,),mis-, mistake, mislead,pseudo-, pseudonym(,假名,), pseudoscience,3),表示反动作的意思,de-, defend, demodulation(,解调,)dis-, disarm, disconnectun-, unload, uncover,4),表示相反，相互对立意思,anti-, ant- antiknock(,防震,), antiforeign,(,排外的,),contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow(,逆流,),counter-, counterreaction, counterbalance,ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupy,with-, withdraw, withstand,2.,表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀,1)a-,表示,“,在,之上”，“向,”aboard, aside,2)by-,表示,“,附近，邻近，边侧,”bypath, bypass(,弯路,),3)circum-, circu-,表示“周围，环绕，回转”,circumstance, circuit,4)de-,表示,“,在下，向下,”descend, degrade,5)en-,表示,“,在内，进入,”encage, enbed(,上床,),6)ex-, ec-, es-,表示“外部，外”,exit, eclipse, expand, export,7)extra-,表示,“,额外,”extraction,（提取）,8)fore-,表示,“,在前面,”forehead, foreground,9)in-, il-, im-, ir-,表示“向内，在内，背于”,inland, invade, inside, import,10)inter-, intel-,表示“在,间，相互,”international, interaction, internet,11)intro-,表示,“,向内，在内，内侧,”introduce, introduce,12)medi-, med-, mid-,表示“中，中间”,Mediterranean, midposition,13)out-,表示,“,在上面，在外部，在外,”outline, outside, outward,14)over-,表示,“,在上面，在外部，向上,”overlook, overhead, overboard,15)post-,表示,“,向后，在后边，次”,postscript(,附言,),，,16)pre-,表示,在前”在前面”,prefix, preface, preposition,17)pro-,表示,“,在前，向前,”progress, proceed,18)sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-,表示,“,在下面，下,”subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement,19)super-, sur-,表示“在,.,之上,”superficial, surface, superstructure,20)trans-,表示,“,移上，转上，在那一边,”translate, transform, transoceanic,21)under-,表示,“,在,.,下面，下的”,underline, underground, underwater,22)up-,表示,“,向上，向上面，在上,”upward, uphold, uphill(,上坡,),7.,表示分离，离开意思的前缀,1)a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离，离开”,away, apart, abstract, (adj.,抽象的，,v.,摘录,), abstain (,弃权,),2)de-,表示,“,离去，处去,”depart, decolour,3)dis-, di-, dif-,表示“分离，离开”,divorce, disarm(,缴械,),4)ex-, e-,表示,“,离开，分离,”: expel, exclude, expatriate(,驱出国外,),5)for-,表示,“,离开，脱离,”forget, forgive,11.,表示数量关系的前缀,1),表示,“,单一,”,，,“,一,”mono-, monotone(,单调,),，,monopoly(,垄断,),uni-, un-, uniform, unicellular(,单细胞,),2),表示,“,二，两，双,”,ambi-, ambiguous, amphibian(,两栖类,),bi-, bicycle,di-, dioxide(,二,氧化碳,),，,3),表示,“,十,”deca, deco-, dec- deci-, decade, decimals,4),表示,百，百分子一,hecto-, hect-, hectometer,centi-, centimeter,5),表示,千，千分子一”,kilo-, kilometer,6),表示,万，万分子一”,myria-, myri-, myriametremega-, meg-, megabytemicro-, microvolt (,微伏特,),7),表示,许多，复，多数”,multi-, mult-, multipmetre (,万用表,)poly-, polysyllable,8),表示,“,半，一半,”hemi-, hemispheresemi-, semiconductor, semitransparent,二、,后缀,1.,名词后缀,(1),具有某种职业或动作的人,1)-an, -ain,表示,地方的人，精通,的人,”American, historian,2)-al,表示,具有,职务的人, principal,3)-ant,-ent,表示,者”,merchant, agent, servant, student,4)-ar,表示,的人”,scholar, liar, peddler,5)-ard, -art,表示,做,的人,”coward, laggard, braggart(,夸张者,),6)-arian,表示,派别的人，,主义的人,”humanitarian, vegetarian,7)-ary,表示,从事,的人, secretary, missionary,8)-ant,表示,具有,职责的人, candidate, graduate,9)-ator,表示,做,的人, educator, speculator(,投机者,),10)-crat,表示,某种政体，主义的支持者, democrat, bureaucrat,11)-ee,表示,动作承受者, employee, examinee,12)-eer,表示,从事于,人, engineer, volunteer,13)-er,表示,从事某种职业的人,某地区，地方的人, banker, observer, Londoner, villager,14)-ese,表示, ,国人，,.,地方的人,”Japanese, Cantonese,15)-ess,表示,阴性人称名词，,actress, hostess, manageress,16)-eur,表示,家”,amateur, littrateur,17)-ian,表示,地方人，信仰,.,教的人，从事,职业的人,”Christian, physician(,内科医生,),，,musician,18)-ician,表示,精通者，,家，,”electrician, magician, technician,19)-icist,表示,家，,.,者, .,能手,”physicist, phoneticist, technicist,20)-ic,表示,者，,师, mechanic, critic,21)-ie,表示,爱，指小, dearie, auntie, lassie(,小姑娘,),22)-ier,表示,从事,职业,” cavalier, clothier, brazier(,黄铜匠,),23)-ine, ian,表示,阴性人称, heroine, ballerina,24)-ist,表示,从事,研究者，信仰,主义者, pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist,25)-ive,表示,动作者，行为者”,native, captive,26)-logist,表示,学家，研究者, biologist, geologist(,地质学家,),27)-or,表示,者, author, doctor, operator,28)-ster,表示,做,.,事情的人,”youngster, gamester(,赌徒,),，,songster,29)-yer,表示,从事,职业者,” lawyer,(2),构成，具有抽象名词的含义,1)-acy,表示,性质，状态，境遇, accuracy, diplomacy,2)-age,表示,状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称, courage, storage, marriage,3)-al,a),表示,事物的动作，过程,”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approvalb),表示具体的事物,manual, signal, editorial, journal,4)-ance, -ence,表示,性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”,endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience,5)-ancy, -ency,表示,性质，状态，行为，过程, frequency, urgency, efficiency,6)-bility,表示,动作，性质，状态, possibility, feasibility,7)-craft,表示,工艺，技巧”,woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft,（治国策）,8)-cracy,表示,“,统治，支配,” bureaucracy(,官僚,), democracy,9)-cy,表示,“,性质，状态，职位，级别,” bankruptcy(,破产,),，,supremacy,10)-dom,表示,“,等级，领域，状态,” freedom, kingdom, wisdom,11)-ery, -ry,表示,“,行为，状态，习性,” bravery, bribery, rivalry,12)-ety,表示,“,性质，状态”,variety, dubiety(,怀疑,),13)-faction, -facture,表示,“,作成，,化，作用,” satisfaction, manufacture,14)-hood,表示,“,资格，身份,年纪，状态,” childhood, manhood, falsehood,15)-ice,表示,行为，性质，状态, notice, justice, service,16)-ine,表示,带有抽象概念, medicine, discipline, famine,17)-ing,表示,“,动作的过程，结果,” building, writing, learning,18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition,表示,“,行为的过程，结果，状况,” action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction,19)-ise,表示,“,性质，状态,” exercise, merchandise(,商业,),20)-ism,表示,“,制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为,” socialism, criticism, colloquialism(,口语体,), heroism,21)-ity,表示,性质，状态，程度”,purity, reality, ability, calamity,22)-ment,表示,行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果,treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument,23)-mony,表示,动作的结果，状态, ceremony, testimony,24)-ness,表示,性质，状态，程度, goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness,25)-or, -our,表示,动作，性质，状态, favor, error,26)-osity,表示,动作，状态”,curiosity,27)-ship,表示,情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业,” hardship, membership, friendship,三,、,词根,1) aer, ar,含义是“空气，大气”,aeroplane, aerial,2) ag, act, ig,含义是“做，动作”,active, agent, reaction,3) alt,含义是“高”，,altitude,4) alter, altern, altr,含义是“其它，变更”,alternate,5) bio, bi, bion,含义是“生物，生命”,biology, bionics(,仿生学,),6) brev, bri, brief,含义是“短”,brief, abbreviation, abridge(,节略,),7) cap, capt, cept, cip,含义是“取，获”,capture, except, concept, capacity,8) ced, ceed, cess,含义是“行，让步”,proceed, succeed, excess(,过度,),9) centr, centr,含义是“中心”,concentrate, eccentric(,偏心的,),10) clain, clam,含义是“呼喊”,claim, proclaim, exclaim,11) clos, clud,含义是“闭合”,conclude, enclose, include,12) col, cult,含义是“耕耘”,colony, cultivate, agriculture,13) cor, cord,含义是“心”,cordial, record, accord,14) curr, cur, cour,含义是“跑，动作”,current, occur, concurrence(,同时发生,),15) dic, dict,含义是“说，示”,dictate, edit, indicate, predict,16) doc, doct,含义是“教”,doctor, document,17) duc, duct,含义是“引导，传导”,introduce, produce, conduct, deduct(,推论,),18) fact, fac, fect, dic, dit,含义是“做，创造”,factory, effect, profit, faculty, perfect,19) fend, fens,含义是“打，击”,defence, offence,20) fer,含义是“搬运，移转”,ferry, transfer, defer(,迟延,),21) fin, finit,含义是“终，极”,final, finish, confine,22) firm,含义是“坚固”,firm, confirm, affirm(,断定,),23) fix,含义是“固定”,prefix, affix(,附加,),24) flect, flex,含义是“弯曲”,flexible, reflex,25) flor, flour, flower,含义是“花”,flower, flourish,语法,一、,冠词,二、,形容词和副词,三、,虚拟语气,四、,定语从句,五、,同位语从句,六、,主语从句,七、,表语从句,八、,倒装句,九、,状语从句,一、,冠词,1. 不定冠词的用法,冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。,不定冠词a （an）与数词one 同源，是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作e，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做en。,1） 表示一个，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。,2） 代表一类人或物。,3,） 组成词组或成语，如,a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden,等。,2.,定冠词的用法,定冠词,the,与指示代词,this,，,that,同源，有,那（这）个,的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。,1,）特指双方都明白的人或物。,2,）上文提到过的人或事。,3,）指世上独一物二的事物。,4,）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如,the dollar,美元,; the fox,狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：,the rich,富人,; the living,生者。,5,）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词,only,，,very,，,same,等前面。,6,）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：,They are the teachers of this school.,（指全体教师）,They are teachers of this school.,（指部分教师）,7,）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：,She caught me by the arm.,她抓住了我的手臂。,8,）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。,9,）用在表示乐器的名词之前。,10,） 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：,the Greens,格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）,11,） 用在惯用语中。例如：,in the day, in the morning,（,afternoon,，,evening,）,the day after tomorrow,the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky,（,water,，,field,，,country,）,in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle,（,of,）,in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre,3.,零冠词的用法,1,） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：,England,，,Mary,。,2,）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：,They are teachers.,他们是教师。,3,）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：,Failure is the mother of success.,失败乃成功之母。,4,）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。,5,）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。,6,）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。,The guards took the American to General Lee.,士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。,7,）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如,have breakfast,，,play chess,。,8,）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。,I cant write without pen or pencil.,没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。,9,）当,by,与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如,by bus,，,by train,。,10,）有些个体名词不用冠词，如,school,，,college,，,prison,，,market,，,hospital,，,bed,，,table,，,class,，,town,，,church,，,court,等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。,11,）不用冠词的序数词；,a.,序数词前有物主代词时。,b.,序数词作副词。,He came first in the race.,他跑步得了第一。,c.,在固定词组中，如,at,（,the,）,first, first of all, from first to last,等。,4,、,冠词与形容词,+,名词结构,1,） 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。,He raises a black and a white cat.,他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。,The black and the white cats are hers.,这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。,2,） 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物。,He raises a black and white cat.,他养了一只花猫。,5,、,冠词位置,1,） 不定冠词位置,不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：,a.,位于,such,，,what,，,many,，,half,等形容词之后。,I have never seen such an animal.,我从来没见过这样的动物。,Many a man is fit for the job.,许多人适合这岗位。,b.,当名词前的形容词被副词,as, so, too, how, however, enough,修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：,It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.,我从未这么高兴过。,So short a time,如此短的时间,Too long a distance,距离太远了,c. quite,，,rather,与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当,rather,，,quite,前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：,rather a cold day/a rather cold day,。,d.,在,as,，,though,引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如：,Brave a man though he is,，,he trembles at the sight of snakes.,他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。,2,） 定冠词位置,定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在,all,，,both,，,double,，,half,，,twice,，,three times,等词之后，名词之前。例如：,All the students in the class went out.,班里的所有学生都出去了。,二、,形容词和副词,1.,表语形容词,：,well,，,unwell,，,ill,，,faint,，,afraid,，,alike,，,alive,，,alone,，,asleep,，,awake,等,2.,多个形容词修饰名词的顺序,：,限定词,-,数词,-,描绘词,-,（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）,-,出处,-,材料性质,-,类别,-,名词。,年龄，形状，大小,+,颜色,+,来源,+,质地,+,用途,+,国家。,一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照：限定词,+,数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）,+,性状形容词,+,大小、长短、高低等形体,+,新旧,+,颜色,+,国籍,+,材料,+,名词，,例如：,a small round table,a tall gray building,a dirty old brown shirt,a famous German medical school,an expensive Japanese sports car,those three beautiful large square old brown wood table,。,3.,副词的位置,1,） 在动词之前。,2,） 在,be,动词、助动词之后。,3,） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。,注意：,a.,大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：,We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.,我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。,b.,方式副词,well,，,badly,，,hard,等只放在句尾。,He speaks English well.,他英语说得好。,4.,副词的排列顺序：,1,） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。,2,） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用,and,或,but,等连词连接。例如：,Please write slowly and carefully.,请写得慢一些，仔细一些,3,） 多个不同副词排列：程度,+,地点,+,方式,+,时间副词。,注意：副词,very,可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。,三、虚拟语气,分类,虚拟语气分为,真实条件从句,和,非真实条件从句,两,种。非真实条件从句所表示的假设是不可能或不,大可能发生或实现的，句中条件从句和主句都需,用虚拟语气。,一、非真实条件从句的分类,与现在事实相反：,例如：,If I were a bird, I would fly to you.,如果我是只鸟，我就会飞到你身边去。,If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.,如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。,从句,主句,动词的一般过去式（,be,用,were,would/should/could/might+,动词原形,与过去事实相反,例如：,If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.,如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了。,If she hadnt been ill, she might have come.,如果她不是病了，可能会来的。,从句,主句,had +,动词过去分词,would/should/could/might +had +,动词过去分词,与将来事实相反,例如：,If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions,.,如果李教授明天有空的话，我们可以问他点问题。,If there should be no air, there would be no living things,.,如果没有空气，就不会有生物。,主句,从句,1.,动词过去式,2.were +to +,动词原形,3.should +,动词原形,would/should/could/might+,动词原形,二、错综时间的虚拟句,通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式,.,If I were you, I would have taken his advice.,(,从句指现在,主句指过去,),。,换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议。,If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now.,(,从句指过去,主句指现在,),。,如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了。,If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly.,(,从句指过去，主句指现在,),。,如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。,If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better,.(,从句指过去，主句指现在,),。,如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。,If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow.,(,从句指现在，主句指将来,),如果现在一切还没准备好，明天情况就更糟了。,三、含蓄条件句,有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常是：,but for, without, otherwise,等。,But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.,如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。,The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.,没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。,I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.,我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。,四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用,1,、,wish,后宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,1,）对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式,I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.,但愿我的家乡四季如春。,I wish I were a bird.(wish, were),但愿我是只小鸟。,2,）,对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.,他真希望没有失去机会。,3,）,对将来情况的虚拟,(,表示将来的主观愿望,),：从句动词,would/should/could/might +,动词原形“,I wish it would stop raining,我希望雨能停止。,(,事实上雨还在下着呢,),I wish you would be quiet.(would + be),我希望你安静一些。,(,事实上那家伙还在吵着呢,),2,、,suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist,等动词后的宾语从句,. Should +,动词原形，,should,可以省略。,They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.,他们要求侵略者立刻撤退。,I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.,我提议应该制定一个交计划的最后期限。,3,、,it is desired, its suggested, its requested, it was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is necessary that, it is important that, it has been decided that,等之后的主语从句。,Should +,动词原形，,should,可以省略。,It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.,有必要立刻派他前往。,Its required that Mr. Lee (should) give a performance at the party.,要求李先生在晚会上出个节目。,Its desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.,要求我们在今晚前把一切准备好。,4,、在,suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea,等后面引出的表语从句和同位语从句中。,Should +,动词原形，,should,可以省略。,The order came that all villagers evacuate from the village.,要求所有村民撤退的命令下达了。,I second Xiao Lis motion that we set up a special board to tackle the problem.,小李提议成立一个特别委员会处理此问题，我附议。,5,、在下列句型中要用,should +,动词原形。如：,it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder,。,It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.,很可惜，他这个人竟然这么自大。,Its strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.,奇怪的是他竟看不到自己的缺点。,6,、,as if, as though,引起的从句，其用法同,wish,构成的宾语从句一样,I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.,我清楚地记得这件事就象昨天刚刚发生的。,It seems as if it were spring already,似乎现在已经是春天的样子了。,7,、以,lest, for fear that, in case,引出的从句，动词多用,should +,动词原形，表示 “惟恐”的意思。,He took an umbrella with him lest it should rain.,他带上雨伞以免下雨。,He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemys hands.,他把所有的重要文件全部烧毁以免落入敌人的手中。,Heres some money in case you should need it.,这是点钱以免你用地着。,8,、在,if only,引出的感叹句中,If only I hadnt lost it!,如果我要不丢该多好！,If only I could see him once!,再能看到他一次该有多好！,Oh, if he only knew how we miss him!,噢，希望他能知道我是多么思念他！,9,、在,it is high time that,之后的定语从句中，谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气。,It is time that we went (should go) to bed.,现在该上床了。,Its high time that we (should) put an end to this controversy.,现在该是结束这场争辩的时候了。,四、定语从句,充当定语的句子叫定语从句。定语从句修饰的名词叫先行词,(the antecedent).,定语从句由关系代词,: who, whom, which,关系形容词,whose,和关系副词,when, where, why,引导，关系词除了起连接从句和名词的作用外，还作从句的句子成分。,Who,的先行词是人，作定语从句的主语：,This is the man,who will give us a talk tomorrow,.,Whom,的先行词是人，作定语从句的宾语：,This is the man,whom I talked about the other day,.,Which,的先行词是物，作从句的主语和宾语,Here is a book,which may be helpful in you English study,.,This is the book,which I like best,.,上述例句都可改用,that.,Whose,是个关系形容词，在从句中作定语。,A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach.,When, where, why 分别作从句的时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。,He will never forget the day when the accident took place.,This was the room where we studied.,Do you know the reason why he was late?,非限定性定语从句：,非限定性定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词（许多是专有名词），也可以是整个主句，它对先行词不加限定，只起附加说明作用，如果没有，也不影响句意和语法结构。非限定性定语从句和先行词书写时有逗号断开。,Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.,翻译：她又迟到了，真不象话。,She was late again, which was annoying.,区分限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句很重要。,He has a sister, who is an artist.,他有个妹妹，是个艺术家。（只有一个）,He has a sister who is an artist.,他有个当艺术家的妹妹。（还有别的）,在,such,as, the same,as,的固定搭配中，,such,作定语，修饰后面的名词，,as,是个关系代词，代前面的名词，引出定语从句，并担任从句中的句子成分。,We will give you such data as will help you in your work.,I would like to use the same instrument as was used yesterday.,as,也可以用作关系副词，代替前面的状语，并作从句的状语。,He answered with the same simplicity as she asked.,在,as many,as,的固定搭配中，第一个,as,是副词，修饰,many,，第二个,as,是关系代词，引导定语从句，并作从句的主语或宾语。,There are as many books as are needed.,所需要的书都有了。,He has as many books as I have.,他的书和我的一样多。,As everyone knows, all that glisters is not gold.,上句中,as everyone knows,在意义上是个状语，但在句子结构上却是个非限定性定语从句。,As,是关系代词，指代整个主句，引导定语从句，并作,knows,的宾语。,As is often the case, we have over fulfilled the production plan.,和往常一样，我们又超额完成了生产计划。（,as,作从句的主语）,下列习语都是这种非限定性定语从句：,As is usual,As has been said before,As may be imagined,As is well known,As often happens,As will be shown in,As has been pointed out,As has been explained in,As we all can see,非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可,以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句,子。非限制性定语从句,不能用,that,引导，引,导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。,1. Li Pings father, who works in a factory, is an engineer.,2. He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句,1),当先行词既包括人又包括物时,He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.,2),先行词被,any, every, only, very, all, no,修饰,These are the very points that interest me.,用,that,的场合,(3),先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰,The first step that we are to take is very difficult.,(4),先行词是指物的不定代词,all, little, few, much,及,everything, anything, nothing,There is still much that c