环境概论第讲水污染

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,环境概论,Introduction to Environment,第,9,讲,Water Pollution,Types of Water Pollution,Sewage,Enrichment,Explosion in algal, bacteria, & decomposer populations,Biological oxygen demand,Oxygen levels in water,Fish kills,Types of Water Pollution,Effect of sewage on dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand,氧垂曲线,Types of Water Pollution,Clean Zone,Decomposition,Zone,Septic Zone,Recovery Zone,Clean Zone,Normal clean water organisms,(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly),Trash fish,(carp, gar,leeches),Fish absent, fungi,sludge worms,bacteria,(,anaerobic,),Trash fish,(carp, gar,leeches),Normal clean water organisms,(trout, perch, bass,mayfly, stonefly),8 ppm,Dissolved oxygen (ppm),Biological oxygen,demand,8 ppm,Types of,organisms,4,Types of Water Pollution,Eutrophication: An Enrichment Problem,Oligotrophic lake,贫营养湖泊,5,Types of Water Pollution,Eutrophication: An Enrichment Problem,Eutrophic lake,富营养湖泊,6,2010,年,6,月,22,日，安徽巢湖东半湖双桥河一带拍摄的大面积蓝藻。,2010,年,6,月,22,日，安徽巢湖东半湖双桥河一带拍摄的大面积蓝藻。,Discharge of untreated,municipal sewage,(nitrates and phosphates),Nitrogen compounds,produced by cars,and factories,Discharge of treated,municipal sewage,(primary and secondary,treatment:,nitrates and phosphates),Discharge of,detergents,( phosphates),Manure runoff,from feedlots,(nitrates, phosphates,ammonia),Dissolving of,nitrogen oxides,(from internal combustion,engines and furnaces),Runoff and erosion,(from cultivation,mining, construction,and poor land use),Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction,lots (nitrates and,phosphates),Lake ecosystem,nutrient overload,and breakdown of,chemical cycling,Natural runoff,(nitrates and,phosphates,Natural runoff,(nitrates and,phosphates,Inorganic fertilizer runoff,(nitrates and phosphates),9,10,Types of Water Pollution,Disease-Causing Agents,（,Monitoring for Sewage,）,Fecal coliform test,粪大肠菌群实验,11,Types of Water Pollution,Sediment Pollution,Low sediment load,12,Types of Water Pollution,Sediment Pollution,High sediment load,13,Water Quality Today,Point source pollution,(e.g., cyanide spill,氰化物泄漏,),Nonpoint source pollution,(e.g., fertilizer runoff from agriculture fields),Water Pollution from Agriculture,72% of water pollution in rivers attributed to agriculture,Chemical pesticides may leach into soil and then into water.,14,Water Quality Today,Municipal Water Pollution,Water Quality Today,Industrial Wastes in Water,Problems depend upon industry,Food processing, high BOD,Paper mills toxic compounds & sludge,Many US industries now treating wastewater,(some can recover merchantable products),17,Water Quality Today,Groundwater Pollution,Water Quality Today,Drinking Water Problems,1.4 billion lack safe water,2.9 billion lack proper wastewater disposal,80% of human illness results from insufficient water supplies and poor water quality,Water pollutions in China,有机物,天然有机物,：腐殖质，耗氧有机物，藻类有机物等。,人工合成有机物：农药、洗涤剂、化工原料和中间体等，大都为“三致”污染物。,PAHs, PCBs, POPs,，持久性污染物，优先控制污染物,无机物：主要为各种无机离子：重金属、硝酸盐、铵、磷酸盐等。,病原微生物：生活污水、医院等,20,Priority pollutants(,优先污染物,),挥发性卤代烃类,(volatile alkenyl halides),苯系物,(benzene),氯代苯类,(chlorinated phenols),多氯联苯,(polychlorinated biphenyls/PCB),酚类,(hydroxybenzenes),硝基苯类,(nitrobenzenes),苯胺类,(aniline),多环芳烃类,酞酸酯类,(phthalate esters),农药,(pesticides),丙烯腈,(acrylonitrile),亚硝胺类,(nitrophenols),氰化物,(cyanide),重金属及其化合物,Priority pollutants(,优先污染物,),挥发性卤代烃类,(volatile alkenyl halides),二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳,苯系物,(benzene),苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯,氯代苯类,(chlorinated phenols),氯苯、邻二氯苯、对二氯苯、六氯苯,多氯联苯,(polychlorinated biphenyls/PCB),1968,年日本的米糠油公害事件,1968,年,3,月日本北九洲市、爱知县一带生产米糠油时，用多氯联苯作脱臭工艺中的热载体，由于生产管理不善，混入米糠油中，食用后中毒，患病者超过,1400,人，至七、八月份患病者超过,5000,人，其中,16,人死亡，实际受害者约,13000,人。,米糠油事件,23,24,酚类,(hydroxybenzenes),苯酚、间甲酚、,2,，,4-,二氯酚、五氯酚,硝基苯类,(nitrobenzenes),硝基苯、对硝基甲苯、,2,，,4-,二硝基甲苯,苯胺类,(aniline),苯胺、二硝基苯胺、对硝基苯胺、,2,，,6-,二硝基苯胺,多环芳烃类,(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/PAHs),萘、荧蒽,Priority pollutants(,优先污染物,),2005,年,11,月,13,日中石油吉林石化公司双苯厂发生爆炸事故，约,100 t,的硝基苯等高毒性化学物流入松花江,酞酸酯类,(phthalate esters),酞酸二甲酯、酞酸二丁酯、酞酸二辛酯,农药,(pesticides),六六六、,滴滴涕,、敌敌畏、乐果、对硫磷,丙烯腈,(acrylonitrile),亚硝胺类,(nitrophenols),氰化物,(cyanide),Priority pollutants(,优先污染物,),亚硝胺类化合物是一类很强的致癌物，在,100,多种亚硝胺中有十几种引起多种动物食管癌。广,泛的存在食物、,烟,、酒、,及槟榔,中，以香,烟,中的,浓度特别,高。,重金属及其化合物,(heavy metals),Priority pollutants(,优先污染物,),水俣,(yu),病事件,1953-1956,年日本熊本县水俣市含,甲基汞,的工业废水污染水体，使水俣湾和不知火海的鱼中毒，人食毒鱼后受害，,1972,年日本环境厅公布：水俣湾和新县阿贺野川下游有汞中毒者,283,人，其中,60,人死亡。,痛痛病事件,1955-1972,年日本富山县神通川流域锌、铅冶炼工厂等排放的,含镉废水,污染了神通川水体，两岸居民利用河水灌溉农田，使稻米含镉，居民食含镉稻米和饮用含镉水而中毒，,1963,年至,1979,年,3,月共有患者,130,人，其中死亡,81,人。,Hg,Cd,上世纪,70,年代末，,80,年代初，随着欧美环保法规的严格实施，导致精细有机化工产品及其中间体生产中心由西欧向亚洲转移,有机毒物（以优先污染物为主）污染形势严峻,长江沿线,43,个开发区分布图,目前我国的经济发展重心主要在长江等大型河流的沿岸和沿海地区,南水北调沿线,51,个开发区分布图,江苏沿江规划了,18,个工业园区，其中,15,个允许发展化工，,6,个以化工为主。,31,新型污染物,a.,多溴联苯醚（,PBDEs,）等溴化阻燃剂,b.,药品（包括各类兽药和抗生素）和个人护理用品（,PPCPs/PCPs,）,c.,全氟锌酸铵和芳香族磺酸类污染物,:,PFOS,(,全氟辛烷磺酸,) /PFOA(,全氟辛酸,)(,不粘锅,),e.,植物毒性物质,新型污染物的环境研究,我国主要水系污染状况,（,1,）七大水系（黄河，珠江，松花江，淮河，长江，辽河，海河）,七大水系,、,类,(,),类,(,),类,(,),类,(,),劣,类,(,),长江,56,20,11,2,11,黄河,7,27,34,7,25,珠江,55,21,18,0,6,松花江,5,19,45,12,19,淮河,3,14,38,13,32,海河,17,5,18,6,54,辽河,14,16,22,8,40,总体,24,17,25,7,27,34,我国主要水系污染状况,（,2,）大型淡水湖泊（太湖、滇池、巢湖等）,（,3,）大型水库（密云、官亭、董铺、大房营、千岛湖）,个数,个数,类,类,类,类,类,劣,类,主要,污染指标,水系,三湖,3,0,0,0,0,0,3,TN,、,TP,大型淡水湖,10,0,1,2,2,2,3,城市内湖,5,0,0,0,0,2,3,大型水库,10,0,1,4,1,1,3,总计,28,0,2,6,3,5,12,2004,年比例（）,0,8,18,15,22,37,2005,年比例（）,0,7,21,11,18,43,注：数据来源于环保部网站环境现状公报,35,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking Water,General process:,Collected from reservoir or ground water.,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking Water,General process:,Water treated,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking Water,General process:,Distributed to customers,Wastewater collected as sewage,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking Water,General process:,Sewage treated,Improving Water Quality,Purification of Drinking Water,Purification issues:,The Chlorine Dilemma,氯消毒副产物,Fluoridation,氯化反应,Improving Water Quality,Municipal Sewage Treatment,Primary and Secondary Sewage Treatment,Sewage Treatment,Primary,Screens and settling tanks remove grit & suspended organic matter.,Secondary,Sewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume organic matter,Leave dissolved inorganics, NO,3, PO,4, etc.,Tertiary,Filters most dissolved inorganics and remaining dissolved organic compounds,11 June 2010,Water-Pollution.ppt,42,Sewage Treatment,Primary,Screens and settling tanks remove grit & suspended organic matter.,43,Sewage Treatment,Secondary,Sewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume organic matter,Leave dissolved inorganics, NO,3, PO,4, etc.,44,Sewage Treatment,Tertiary,Filters most dissolved inorganics and remaining dissolved organic compounds,Can be done biologically in wetlands,Natural,Artificial,45,Improving Water Quality,Municipal Sewage Treatment,Effectiveness of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment,46,Improving Water Quality,Municipal Sewage Treatment,Major problem associated with wastewater treatment is disposal of sludge,污泥处理,Can be used as fertilizer, but there may be health risks (e.g., heavy metal poisoning),Used to be dumped in ocean, that is now banned,Currently, most dumped in landfills,填埋,47,Improving Water Quality,Individual Septic Systems,Septic tank,化粪池,48,Improving Water Quality,Individual Septic Systems,Drain field,49,Laws Controlling Water Pollution,Safe Drinking Water Act,set the maximum contaminant level for drinking water,Clean Water Act,pertained to improving quality of rivers, lakes, aquifers, estuaries, and coastal waters,50,Laws Controlling Water Pollution,Case-in-Point:,Water Pollution in the Great Lakes,51,Laws Controlling Water Pollution,Laws That Protect Groundwater,Safe Drinking Water Act,Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act,52,