医学英语呼吸系统

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,医学英语呼吸系统,Introduction of the Respiratory system,The main function of the respiratory system is to,provide oxygen to body cells for energy metabolism,and,to,eliminate carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism.,Because these gases must be carried to and from the,cells in the blood, the respiratory system works closely,with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas,exchange.,The Lung:,Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and,the blood takes place in the,lungs, two cone-shaped,organs located in the,thoracic cavity,. A double,membrane, the,pleura(,胸膜,), covers the lungs and,lines the thoracic cavity. The outer layer that is,attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the,parietal pleura(,胸膜壁层,),; the inner layer that is,attached to the surface of the lungs is the,visceral,pleura(,胸膜脏层,).,The very thin, fluid-filled,space between the two layers of the pleura is the,pleural space(,胸膜腔,),.,Upper Respiratory Passageway：,Air enters through the,nose, where it is warmed,filtered, and moistened as it passes over the hair-,covered mucous membranes of the,nasal cavity,.,Cilia(,纤毛,), microscopic hair-like projections from,the cells that line the nose, sweep dirt and foreign,material toward the throat for elimination. Material,that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by,coughing or clearing the throat is called,sputum(,痰,),.,Inhaled air passes into the throat, or,pharynx(,咽,),where it mixes with air that enters through the,mouth and also with food destined for the digestive,tract. The pharynx is divided into three regions:,(1) an upper portion, the,nasopharynx(,鼻咽,), behind the,nasal cavity;(2) a middle portion, the,oropharynx(,口咽,),behind the mouth; and (3) a lower portion, the,laryngeal,pharynx(,喉咽,), behind the larynx. The,palatine tonsils(,腭,扁桃体,),are on either side of the,soft palate(,软腭,),in the,oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or,adenoids(,咽扁桃体,), are in the nasopharynx.,Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs,The pharynx conducts air into the,trachea, a tube,reinforced with C-shaped rings of,cartilage(,软骨,),to prevent its,collapse. Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up,toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by,swallowing or by,expectoration(,咳痰,),. The larynx is shaped by,nine cartilages, the most prominent of which is the,thyroid,cartilage,at the front that forms the “Adams apple.” The,opening between the vocal cords is the,glottis(,声门,),. The,small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called,the,epiglottis(,会厌,),. When one swallows, the epiglottis covers,the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from,entering the respiratory tract.,At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and,a left main,stem bronchus(,支气管干,),that enter the lungs.,The right bronchus is shorter and wider; it divides into,three,secondary bronchi,that enter the three,lobes(,肺叶,),of the right lung. The left bronchus divides into two,branches that supply the two lobes of the left lung.,The smallest of the conducting tubes, the,bronchioles(,细支气管,), carry air into the microscopic air,sacs, the,aveoli(,肺泡,), whrough which gases are exchanged,between the lungs and the blood.,The Process of Breathing:,Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the,process of breathing, technically called,ventilation,.,This consists of a steady cycle of,inspiration,(inhalation) and,expiration,(exhalation), separated,by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the,phrenic nerve(,膈神经,),stimulates the,diaphragm(,隔膜,),to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest,cavity.,I Suffix for Respiration,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,-pnea,breathing,orthopnea,Difficulty in breathing except in an upright position(,端坐呼吸,),-oxia,Level of oxygen,hypoxia,Decreased amount of oxygen in the tissues(,缺,/,低氧,),-capnia,Level of carbon dioxide,hypercapnia,Increased carbon dioxide in the tissues(,高碳酸血症,),-phonia,voice,dysphonia,Difficulty in speaking(,发音困难,),Exercise 1:,Use the suffix,-pnea to build a word with,each of the following meanings:,1. painful or difficult breathing,dyspnea,2. easy, normal (eu-) breathing,3. lack of (a-) of breathing,4. rapid rate(tachy-) of breathing,Dyspnea(,呼吸困难,) Eupnea(,平静呼吸,),Apnea(,呼吸暂停,) Tachypnea(,呼吸急促,),II Roots for the Respiration Passageways,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Nas/o(,拉丁词源,),nose,Nasal,Pertaining to the nose,Rhin/o(,希腊词源,),nose,rhinorrhea,Discharge from the nose(,鼻漏,),Pharyng/o,pharynx,pharyngeal,Pertaining to the pharynx(,咽的,),Laryng/o,larynx,laryngoscopy,Endoscopic exam of the larynx(,喉镜检查,),Trache/o,trachea,tracheotome,Instrument used to incise the trachea(,气管刀,),II Roots for the Respiration Passageways,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Bronch/o, bronch/i,bronchus,bronchogenic,Originating in a bronchus(,支气管源的,),bronchiol,bronchiole,bronchiolectasis,Dilatation of the bronchioles(,细支气管扩张,),Exercise 2 :,Write a word for each of the following definitions:,1. near the nose,paranasal,2. inflammation of the pharynx,3. pertaining to the larynx,4. endoscopic examination of a bronchus,5. inflammation of the bronchioles,6. narrowing(-stenosis) of a bronchus,7. plastic repair of the larynx,8. surgical incision of the trachea,Paranasal (,鼻侧的,) pharyngitis(,咽炎,) laryngeal bronchoscopy (,支气管镜检,) bronchiolitis(,毛细支气管炎,) bronchostenosis (,支气管狭窄,) laryngoplasty(,喉成形术,) tracheotomy (,气管切开术,),Define the following words (note the adjectival,endings):,9. intranasal,within the nose,10. bronchiolar,11. bronchiectasis,12. peribronchial,13. endotracheal,14. nasopharyngeal,9. within the nose,10.pertaining to a bronchiole,11. dilatation of the bronchi,12. around the bronchi,13. within the trachea,14. pertaining to the nose and pharynx,III Roots for the Lungs and Breathing,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Phren/o,Diaphragm,phrenic,Pertaining to the diaphragm,Phrenic/o,Phrenic nerve,phrenicotripsy,Crushing of the phrenic nerve(,膈神经压扎术,),Pleur/o,Pleura,pleurodesis,Fusion of the pleura(,胸膜固定术,),Pulm/o, pulmon/o,(,拉丁语源,),Lungs,intrapulmonary,Within the lungs,Pneumon/o(,希腊语源,),lung,pneumonectomy,Surgical removal of a lung or lung tissue(,肺切除术,),III Roots for the Lungs and Breathing,ROOT,MEANING,EXAMPLE,DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE,Spir/o,Breathing,spirometer,Instrument for measuring breathing volumes(,肺活量计,),Pneum/o, pneumat/o,Air, gas; also respiration, lung,pneumatocardia,Presence of air in the heart (,心腔积气,),Exercise 3：,Write a word for each of the following,definitions:,1. between (inter) the pleura,2. below the diaphragm,3. surgical incision of the phrenic nerve,4. any disease of the lungs (pneumon/o),5. record of breathing volumes _,6. surgical puncture(-centesis) of the pleural space,Interpleural subphrenic(,膈下的,) phrenicotomy(,膈神经切断术,) pneumonopathy(,肺脏疾病,) spirogram (,肺量图，呼吸描记图,) pleurocentesis (,胸腔穿刺术,),Define the following words:,1. pneumonitis,2. pleuropulmonary,3. pneumoplasty,4. pleuralgia,5. pulmonology,6. pneumatic,1. inflammation of the lungs,2. pertaining to the pleura and lungs,胸膜肺的,3. plastic repair of the lungs,4. pain in the pleura,5. study of the lungs,肺病学,6. Pertaining to air or gas,空气的,/,呼吸的,Thank you !,谢谢大家！,结 语,