托福基础语法(3)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2012-1-20,#,语法常见错误,7,宗罪,第一宗罪：,Employee can get more benefits from telecommuting than employer.,名词,employee,和,employer,被“裸体”使用了。,改正：,the employee; the employer,employees; employers,第二宗罪：,（,1,）,Work at home,，,using modern technology,，,can greatly enhance our efficiency.,简单句里谓语动词多于一个。,work, working,（,2,）,Children who are raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.,被动语态,raise raised,（,3,）,The problems that are created by environmental contamination is very hard to resolve.,主谓不一致，,problems is,is, are,（,4,）,Many students are like studying home economics.,两个动词,去掉,are,（,5,）,In present-day society, cultures were becoming very similar.,前后时态矛盾！,were, are,第三宗罪,Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers.,修饰动词,treat,应该用副词,different, differently,第四宗罪,（,1,）,Countries should pay attention on the disadvantages that globalization may create.,介词搭配错误,pay attention to,reason for & solution to ,（,2,）,The Internet has instead of teachers in many classrooms.,instead of,不是动词，而是介词短语。,replace,或者,supplant,instead of, replaced or supplanted,第五宗罪,Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself.,代词指代复数名词错误,himself, themselves,第六宗罪,Some people think the Internet only has positive impact, other people think it also has negative influence on our lives.,缺少连词或者句号（分号）,while,第七宗罪,There are a great many children think the main purpose of education should be to afford them pleasure and enjoyment.,There be,句型后面的名词再加动词时,不要,用动词原形！,think, thinking,练习,1. Conflicts may arise between tourist and local resident.,可数名词裸体了！,2. Grow up in a poor family makes some children feel they are not as capable as other children.,动词不能作主语！,3. Some events are not report by the media in a dependable way.,被动语态,be + v-ed!,4. The governments of all countries on this planet is beginning to realize the severity of water shortage.,主谓一致性！,5. In general, computers help students learn things more effectively, computer games may lower their efficiency.,缺少连接词！,6. There are numerous countries in the world suffer from poverty.,There be,句型！,7. Fast food is insteading of traditional Chinese food in many Chinese cities.,instead of,不能用作动词！,插入语,在一个句子中间插入一个成分,它不作句子的何种成分,也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系,同时既不起连接作用,这个,成分称之插入语。,插入语结构,To casual observers,as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners,the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless.,插入语结构,Over 120 years ago, the English botanist J.D. Hooker,writing of Australian eatable plants,suggested that many of them were eatable but not worth eating.,插入语结构,In relationships of mutual dependence,such as between labour and management or within an organization of a family,the question of who is more powerful turns on who is less dependent on the other.,插入语结构,副词插入语,This will affect the job market, which,after all, is a key target in any economic plan.,介词短语作插入语,Sports stars and pop stars,for example, are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic generation.,不定式短语作插入结构,To tell you the truth, I havent bought anything for a year.,老实对你说,It wasnt a very good dinner,to say the least of it,.,至少可以这么说,常用作插入语的副词：,obviously, frankly, naturally, surely, nonetheless, undoubtedly,常用作插入语的形容词或短语：,strange to say, worst of all, most important of all,常用作插入语的介词短语：,in fact, for instance,常用作插入语的分词短语：,generally speaking, frankly speaking, .,常用作插入语的不定式短语：,To be sure, to sum up, to tell the truth,强调句,强调句,It is,被强调的部分,that,（,who,）原句其它部分,注意：谓语不能强调,It is in market economy that the price of different commodities and services are always changing .,It,is,protein,that,spiders can make in an environmentally friendly way similar to the way mammals make milk.,Spiders can make protein,in an environmentally friendly way similar to the way mammals make milk.,倒装句,倒装句,倒装：谓语,动词,全部或者部分放到了主语前面，这样的句子被称为,倒装句,完全倒装,部分倒装,完全倒装,The bus comes here.,Here,comes the bus,.,A beautiful girl sits in front of me.,In front of me,sits a beautiful girl,.,部分倒装,第二种倒装,：,部分倒装,主语和助动词位置颠倒，而动词依然放在主语后面,部分倒装,In no way,should we,lie to our parents.,Only in this way,can we,learn English well.,词,遇到,不会写的单词怎么办？,（,1,）上位,概念,用,一个稍微简单，但是具有概括效果的,词汇,（,2,）同义,替换,稍,作解释，让阅卷人能懂即,可,Q 1,：,孙老师,很变态。“变态”如何翻译,？,- BT,-,与正常人不一样,be,different,from normal,people,Q2,：,“宫爆鸡丁”,如何翻译,？,- a,chicken in the court,- a,dish which is made of chicken and peanuts,Q3,：,一帮,人拿着铁锹、锄头植树去了。“铁锹、锄头”怎么翻译,？,- tools,- the,tools which are used to plant trees,Q4,：,“老百姓”,如何,翻译？,-,old,hundred,sex,- the,general,public,；,ordinary people,Q 5,：,“,帕金森综合征”如何翻译,-,a,serious disease,Q6,：,“鲜花怒放”,如何,翻译,-Flowers,angrily,open,-,“鲜花完全盛开”,-,Flowers are in full bloom.,Q7,：,“孝敬”,老人如何,翻译,-,Filial,-,尊重,和照顾,老人,-,respect,and take good care,of,Q8,：,“胸有成竹”,如何,翻译,-,have,bamboos in ones,chest,-,有信心的,- be,confident,总之，遇到,不会翻译的概念有,2,种方法,：,（,1,）上位概念 （,2,）同义替换,句,（,1,）长,句优先,原则,（,2,）句型,多变,原则,长,句优先,原则,（,1,）,定语,从句,任何,一个名词后面都可以加上一个定语从句对之进行,解释,（,2,）并列,结构,排山倒海,and,前后加上 意思相近 结构相同 的短语 或者单词,（,3,）套话凑数,4,大套话，可以用于任何一句话,前面,定语从句,例,1,：,Honest,merchants will suffer a great destruction,.,-,本,句讲假冒伪劣商品的,危害,第一步,：,找,名词：,merchant destruction,第二步,：,加,定从：,Honest,merchants,，,who observe rules and regulations and produce high-quality,goods,，,will suffer a great destruction,which is detrimental to their production.,例,2,：,Factories have discharged gas and,liquid.,第一步,：,找,名词：,factories gas and,liquid,第二步,：,加,定从：,Factories,which,bring their owners huge profits,have,discharged gas and liquid,that may exert a seriously negative influence on the surrounding environment.,并列,结构,排山倒海,and,前后加上 意思相近 结构相同 的短语 或者单词,例,1,：取得成功,：,achieve great success,achieve,great success and,realize ones potential,achieve,great success and,attain ones goals,achieve great success and,overcome several difficulties /hurdles,例,2,：,“,放松身心,”,relax ones bodies and,ease ones mind,例,3,：,“,开拓,视野”,broaden,ones horizons,broaden ones horizons and enrich ones mind,例,4,：促进交流”,promote,the communication,promote the communication and interaction between and ,套话凑数,- 4,大套话,1,，,There,is no denying the fact,that,不可否认,的,.,变型：,It,is an undeniable fact that ,Undeniably,，,2,It,is universally acknowledged,that,全世界,都知道,.,3,There,is no doubt that,毫无疑问,的,.,变型,：,It,is far beyond any reasonable doubt that (,毋庸置疑,),4,It,is conceivable that,可想而知的,例：,It,is conceivable that with the rapid development in society and economy, competition is becoming increasingly fierce and acute,.,句型,多变原则,1.,人称句与无人称句转换,很多人认为，在中国，控制人口数是非常必要的。,birth control,Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.,It is widely thought that,birth control is quite necessary in China.,2.,肯定句与否定句的转换,每个孩子都想赚些零花钱来帮助交付高额的大学费用。,Every child wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.,There is,hardly,a child who doesnt want to,earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.,There is,hardly a child but wants to,earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.,形式肯定但意义否定的结构,1. more than can,cannot ,简直不，无法，难以,The beauty of the park is,more than words can,describe.,The beauty of the park cannot be described by words.,这个公园美的无法形容。,2. anything but,绝对不，根本不，一点也不,He is,anything but,a scholar.,The wood bridge is,anything but,safe.,3. have yet to do , have not done yet,I,have yet to hear,the story.,I,have yet to learn,the new skill.,4. may/might as well ,否定结构，“还不如”,It is still raining hard outside; we,may,as well stay,here over the night.,You,might,as well burn,the book than give them to her.,形式否定但意义肯定的结构,It is,no more than,a beginning.,仅仅，只是,They gave me the wrong book, and I did,not,notice it,until,I got back to my room.,直到,才,You,cannot,be,too,careful in doing the experiments.,越,越好,nothing but,只有，只不过,nothing,more than,仅仅,no sooner than,刚一,就,for nothing,徒然，免费,not only , but also,不仅,而且,not long before,很快就,no more than,仅仅，只是,no other than,只有，正是,3.,主动句与被动句的转换,由于社会需要，出现了很多夜校。,There appear many evening schools because of social demands.,Many evening schools,are called,into existence by social demands.,4.,动词和名词的转换,这种生活方式已经越来越流行， 越来越多的年轻人已经接受这种生活方式。,The style of living has,become more and more popular and accepted by,more and more young people.,The style of living has,found its growing popularity and acceptance,among young people.,人们担心传统价值正在逐渐的消失。,People are concerned that the traditional values are gradually disappearing.,People are concerned about,the,gradual,disappearance,of the traditional values.,5.,短句与长句的转换,它给学生们带来严重的压力，一些学生无法忍受这种压力。,It brings students intensive pressure. Some students cannot endure this pressure.,It brings students intensive pressure,that,some students cannot endure.,青少年由于课业负担重并在同伴的鼓励下去吸烟。在这种情况下，尽管觉得不对，他们还是经常这么做。,青少年,teenagers,同伴,peers,课业,school work,觉得不对,feel a little guilty,去吸烟,resort to smoking,Teenagers are pressured by school work and they are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they often resort to smoking, though sometimes they feel a little guilty.,Pressured by,school work and encouraged by their peers,teenagers,often resort to smoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes.,练习,1.,变无人称句,People in growing numbers agree that women should enjoy full equality with men.,There is growing agreements,that women should enjoy full equality with men.,练习,2.,变无人称句,Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.,The past 15 years have brought,many Chinese people to the United States.,练习,3.,变无人称句,We almost forget this event.,This event is almost forgotten by us.,This event is now almost,fading,from,our memory.,练习,4.,变无人称句,We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation.,The investigation can easily lead to the conclusion.,练习,5.,变被动语态,We are making great efforts to improve our English.,Great efforts are being made to improve our English.,We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children.,More thought may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children.,练习,6.,换用名词,If we are watching too much TV, our reading ability will be seriously affected.,Heavy exposure to TV will exert a negative effect on our reading ability.,练习,7.,换用名词,If we dont recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake.,Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big mistake.,练习,8.,变双重否定句,Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.,It is impossible to pick up,a newspaper without finding advertisements.,练习,9.,变长句,A student has studied English for a few years.,He may have a vocabulary of thousands of words.,A student,who has studied English for a few years,may have a vocabulary of thousands of words.,练习,10.,变长句,He bought a jeep.,His friend advised him against it.,(in spite of),He bought a jeep,in spite of his friends advising,him against it.,练习,11.,变长句,The politician is concerned with successful elections.,The statesman is interested in the future of his people.,The politician is concerned with successful elections,whereas,the statesman is interested in the future of his people.,练习,11.,变长句,He chose to study computer science. Computer science has good employment prospects.,He chose to study computer science,because of,its good employment prospects.,练习,12.,变长句,He is not coming. The meeting will be put off till next week.,in the event of,万一，倘若,In the event of his not coming, the meeting will be put off till next week.,你能写出来吗？,作文素材,让孩子接触过多的暴力与色情对他们的成长有害。,excessive pornography,be / bad / harmful /,detrimental,to,Exposing,young children to excessive violence and pornography would be detrimental to their development.,照料宠物有助于培养小孩的交际能力。,social skills,Taking care of,a pet can help children develop social skills.,contribute to / be,conducive,to,Taking care of a pet can contribute to / be conducive to the development of Childrens social skills.,我们政府的主要任务是致力于消除贫困、疾病和文盲。,eliminate,illiteracy,The main task of our government is,eliminating,poverty, disease and illiteracy.,如何解决严重的交通问题对于政府而言是个棘手的问题。,a thorny issue,How to solve,the heavy traffic problem is a thorny issue,发达国家和发展中国家的政府必须采取更环保的政策。,essential / imperative,adopt,environmentally friendly policies,It is imperative for governments of developed and developing nations,to,adopt,more environmentally friendly policies.,一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间。事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康。,A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time.,In fact, it is unhealthy for them,to,spend,all of time on their study.,学生的唯一任务是获得将来工作所需的知识和技能。,only,，,sole,acquire,，,get,，,gain,，,obtain,The sole task of students is,to acquire,the knowledge and skills,，,which,，,apparently,，,are,essential to their future career.,互联网是传播信息的经济途径。,economical,convey,The Internet is an economical way,to convey information,.,现在，随着电脑的广泛使用，许多成年人感到学习电脑技能的迫切需要。,application,pressing need,Nowadays, with the wide applications of computers, many adults feel the pressing need,to acquire,computer skills.,必须采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。,Proper measures must be taken,to limit,the number of foreign tourists,and,great efforts should be made,to protect,local environment and history,from,the harmful,effects,of international tourism.,互联网的出现使人们更加容易接触到全世界各种各样的信息。,advent,enable somebody to do,have access to,The advent of the Internet enables people,to have,easier access to all sorts of information worldwide.,日益恶化的环境已经引起人们的广泛关注。,deteriorate / worsen,arouse wide concern,The,deteriorating,environment has aroused peoples wide concern.,青少年不断恶化的健康状况引起公众的关注。,deteriorate / worsen,be brought into public focus,The,worsening,health condition of youths has been brought into public focus.,如果不重视自然资源的保护，它将很快被耗尽。,conservation / protection,deplete,/,exhaust,/,consume,Our natural energy will soon,be depleted / exhausted,if we pay no attention to the conservation of it.,由于受到网络上过多的色情与暴力的影响，有些青少年误入歧途。,go astray,Deeply influenced,by,excessive,pornography and violence on the Internet, some teenagers go astray.,父母的教导如果坚定、理性、始终如一，孩子就有可能充满自信。,f,irm,rational,consistent,be likely to do / be inclined to,Children with,parents,whose,guidance is firm,，,rational and,consistent,are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.,电视，这项以迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。,Television,，,the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,，,marked by rapid change and growth,，,is moving into a new era,，,an,era,of extraordinary sophistication and,versatility,，,which promises to reshape our lives and our world,.,人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为社会必不可少的一部分。,indispensable,It is widely acknowledged,that,computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society.,越来越多的专家认为农民工对城市的建设起到积极作用，然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨农民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，比如犯罪。,An increasing number of experts,Experts in growing / increasing numbers,immigrant laborers,Dweller Resident,Inhabitant Occupant,An increasing number of experts believe,that,farmer laborers will,exert positive effects on,city construction.,However,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents,who,complain,that,farmer laborers have brought many serious problems like crime.,没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。,越来越多的专家开始相信这种状况将对当地的经济发展产生不利影响。,arouse wide concern,be brought into publics focus,No one can deny the essential fact,that,the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide pubic concern all over the world.,Experts in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that such situation would produce unfavorable effects on economic growth of local areas.,只要每个人都充分意识到环境保护的重要性，并采取有效措施，我坚信我们一定能克服污染问题。,significance of environmental protection,As long as,everyone realizes the significance of environmental protection and takes some effective measures,，,I am fully confident,that,we can overcome the pollution problem.,