PART IIISYLLABLE The Structure of the English Syllable

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Minimum syllable-It refers to a single vowel in isolation such as “are” /,:/, “or” , err, and the isolated sounds to indicate agreement “m” or “sh”/ / to ask for silence.,2. Some syllables have an onset, ,e.g. bar,/b :/, key /ki:/, more /m :/,3. Some syllables may have no onset but have a coda ,e.g. am /m/, ought / :t/, ease /i:z/,4. Some syllables have onset and coda, e.g. run /r,n/, sat /st/, fill /fil/,II. The structure of the English syllable,1. Syllable onset,A. zero onset-begin with a vowel,B. Beginning with one consonant-initial consonant: any consonant phoneme except /,C. Beginning with two consonants,a. pre-initial /s/ +initial /p t k f m n l/,b. initial /p t k b d f ,h v m n l/+post initial /l r w j/,P t k b d g f, s h v m n l,l + - + + - + + - - + - - - - -,r + + + + + + + + + - - - - - -,w - + + - + - - + - + - - - - -,j + + + + + - + - - + + + + + +,D. Three-consonant clusters: pre-initial /s/ +initial /p k t/ + post-initial /l r w . splay, spray, spew: string, stew; sclerosis, screen, squeak, skewer,2. Syllable coda (final consonant clusters),A. no final consonant-zero coda,B. only one consonant-final consonant: Any consonant may be a final consonant except /h r w j/,C. two-consonant final cluster:,a. pre-final /m n, l s/ + final consonants, e.g. bump, bent, bank, belt, ask,b. final consonant + post-final consonant /s z t d /, e.g. bets, beds, backed, bagged, eighth,D. final three-consonant cluster,a,. pre-final + final + post-final, e.g. he,lped, ba,nks, bo,nds,twe,lfth,b,. final + post-final,1,+ post-final,2, e.g. fi,fths,ne,xt,E. four-consonant clusters,a.,pre-final + final +post-final,1,+ post-final,2, e.g. twe,lfths, pro,mpts,b,. final +post-final,1,+ post-final,2,+ post-final,3, e.g. si,xths, te,xts,To sum up, we may describe the English syllable as having the following maximum phonological structure,Onset ( pre-initial, initial, post-initial) + vowel + coda (pre-final, final, post-final,1, post-final,2, post-final,3,),III. Weak Syllables,1. The general features of weak syllables,1). The vowel in a weak syllable tends to be shorter, of lower intensity.,2). Weak syllables can only have four types of peak:,A,. the vowel /,/ (“schwa”), e.g.,a,ttend, p,ar,ticular, accur,ate, t,o,morrow, f,or,get, settlem,e,nt, p,er,haps, Aut,u,mn, thor,ough, grac,ious,B,. a close front unrounded vowel in the general area of /i:/ and /i/, marked as /i/, e.g. bus,y, valley, react, appreciate and in unstressed he, she me.,C,. a close back rounded vowel in the general area of /u:/ and /u/, marked as /u/, e.g. y,ou, t,o, int,o, d,o, thr,ough, wh,o, when they are unstressed.,D,. a syllabic consonant,In weak syllables, no vowel is found, a consonant, either /l/ or a nasal stands as the centre of the syllable instead of the vowel.,Part four Stress in English Words,I. The Nature and Levels of Stress,1. /f,:m /, / up n/, /me /,/p teit u/, / baut/, /risi:v/, Compared with weak syllables from these phonemes, all stress syllables have an characteristic in common, that is prominence. Prominence is produced by four main factors: loudness, length, pitch and quality. Generally these four factors work together in combination.,2. Stress has 3 levels, primary stressthe strongest type of stress, secondary stress and unstressed. e.g. photographic, anthropology, magnificent, psychology, encyclopedia, responsibility.,* Complex Word Stress,Complex words are of two major types: derivational words and compound worlds,Derivational words,made from a basic stem word with the addition of an affix. Compound words are made of two independent English words.,I) Derivational words(stem + affix, prefix, suffix),1. Affix will have one of three possible effects on word stress:,i).The affix itself receives the primary . semi- + circle= semicircle; -ality+person=personality,ii). The word is stressed just as if the affix was not there (e.g. pleasant, unpleasant; market, marketing),iii) The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but is shifted to a different syllable (e.g. magnet, magnetic),2. Suffixes: There are so many suffixes in English that, it will only be possible here to examine those which are common and productive.,1) Suffixes carrying primary stress themselves,-ese:,、,Japanese, Portuguese journalese,-ain(for verbs only): entertain, ascertain,-ee: refugee, evacuee,-eer: mountaineer, volunteer,-ette: cigarette, launderette,-esqur -ique: picturesque, unique,2) suffixes that do not affect stress placement,-able: comfort, comfortable,-age: anchor, anchorage,-al refuse(v.) refusal,-en: wide, widen,-ful: wonder, wonderful,-ing: amaze, amazing,-ish: devil, devilish(a.) replenish, demolish (v.),-like bird, birdlike,-less: power, powerless,-ly: hurried, hurriedly,-ment(n.), punish, punishment,-ous: poison, poisonous,-ness: yellow, yellowness,-fy: glory, glorify,-wise: other, otherwise,-y: fun, funny,3) Suffixes that influence stress in the stem (primary stress on the last syllable of the stem),-eous: advantage, advantageous,-graphy: photo, photography,-ial: proverb, proverbial,-ic: climate, climatic,-ion: perfect, perfection,-ious: injure, injurious,-ty: tranquil, tranquilllity,3. Prefixes: No rules for words with prefixes. The best treatment seems to be to say that stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for words without prefixes.,II),Stress in Compound words,Sentence stress,Sense stress, logical stress, emotional stress,Sense stress,: its distribution is subject to the meaning the speaker wishes to convey.,Generally speaking, content words (words with semantic importance) are stressed and function words are not stressed.,Practice (textbook: P.115-119),Logical stress: its distribution is subject to the speakers will. Any word may be stressed as long as the speaker wishes. (Practice: P.119),Emotional stress: when the speaker wants to show strong emotion, he puts stong stress on the word he wants to emphasize.,It was wonderful! (high-falling),We succeed!,