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Module 6Old and New,Period 3Grammar,语法专题课,非限制性定语从句和定语从句的简化,【课前热身】,阅读并使用关系词或括号内动词的适当形式完成以下,句子, 并体会其用法。,The power of the Yangtze River, _is the,worlds third longest river, has been harnessed by the,Three Gorges Dam.,which,The Three Gorges Dam, _ is the biggest,construction project in China since the building of the,Great Wall and the Grand Canal, has been built to,control flooding and provide hydro-electric power for,the central region of China.,which,Sun Yat-sen, _ was the leader of the 1911,Revolution, first suggested the idea of a dam across the,Yangtze River in1919.,The valley is now part of the reservoir _,(create) by the Three Georges Dam.,who,created,【课堂诠解】,. 非限制性定语从句,1. 定语从句的分类: 定语从句根据从句与先行词的关系,可分两类: 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制,性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的局部, 去掉它主句意思,往往不明确; 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加,说明, 主从句关系不十分密切, 如果去掉定语从句, 主句的意思仍然清楚。从句和主句之间往往用逗号隔开, 翻译成汉语时一般都另成一句。,The children who wanted to play football were,disappointed when it rained.,想踢足球的那些孩子因为下雨而感到失望。(_,定语从句),The children, who wanted to play football, were,disappointed when it rained.,那些孩子想踢足球, 但因为下雨他们感到失望。(_,_定语从句),限制性,非限,制性,2. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词。,which指物, 在定语从句中作主语或表语; who指人, 在定语从句中作主语或宾语; whom指人, 在定语从句中作宾语, 一般不能省略; whose既可指人, 也可指物, 在定语从句中作定语; as可指人, 也可指物, 在定语从句中可作主语、宾语。,【名师指津】,关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句, 其他引导词和限制性定语从句的相同; 关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时也不能省略。,选词填空(who/whom/which/whose)。,She had a daughter, Persephone, _she loved,very much. 她有个女儿叫珀尔塞福涅, 她非常爱她。,My gardener, _ is very pessimistic, says that there,will be no apples this year.,我家的园丁非常悲观, 他说今年将不会结苹果。,whom,who,The boy, _father is an engineer, studies very,hard.,那位父亲是位工程师的小男孩学习很努力。,These apple trees, _I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.,这些苹果树是我三年前栽的, 还没有结过果实。,whose,which,(2021四川高考)The books on the desk, _,covers are shiny, are prizes for us.,桌子上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。,whose,3. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词。,where在定语从句中作地点状语; when在定语从句中作,时间状语。,They went to London, _they lived for six,months.,他们去了伦敦, 在那儿待了六个月的时间。,where,(2021天津高考)We will put off the picnic in the,park until next week, _the weather may be better.,我们将会把去公园野餐的时间推迟到下周, 那个时候天,气可能会更好一些。,when,【名师指津】,表时间和地点的关系副词在非限制性定语从句中可以换成“介词+which, 此时介词后的关系代词不能省略。when=in/on/at. . . +which, where=in/on/at. . . +which。,4. 介词+关系代词which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句。,在介词后引导非限制性定语从句, 关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词, 而是概括整个主句的意思。先行词是指物的名词时关系代词用which; 先行词是指人的名词时关系代词用whom/whose。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。,(2021江苏高考)Many young people, most of _,were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase,their dreams,很多年轻人都到偏远地区去追逐自己的梦想。他们中,的大多数都受过良好的教育。,whom,They thanked Tom, _ _support they,would not have succeeded. 他们很感谢汤姆, 没有他的,支持他们是不会成功的。,(2021浙江高考)Scientists have advanced many,theories about why human beings cry tears, none of,_has been proved. 就人类为什么哭科学家提出来,许多理论, 但没有一项理论得到过证明。,without whose,which,5. as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别。,as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句, 代表整个主句的内容, 它们所表示的总是一个整体概念, 所以当它们在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词总是用单数形式。,【易混辨析】,as,which,as引导非限制性定语从句, 可放在主句之前, 或者主句之后, 有时还可插入主句中,which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在主句之后,as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论, 译为“正如”,which引导的从句表示对主句所述事情进行补充说明, 表明事物存在的状态或引起的结果, 译为“这一点”,as,which,as多用于固定搭配中: as is often the case(这是常有的事), as was expected(不出所料), as often happens(正如经常发生的那样), as is known to all(众所周知), as has been said before(如上所述), as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等,当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时, 常用which; 从句是否定句或从句谓语带有复合宾语时常用which,_ _ _ _ _, a civil war broke out in that,African country.,正如电视上所报道的, 那个非洲国家发生了一场内战。,He forgot to bring his pen with him, _ _ _ _,_.,他忘了带笔, 这是常有的事。,As is reported on TV,as was often the,case,He always plays computer games on weekends,_ _ _ _ _.,他总是在周末玩电子游戏, 这一点让他母亲很生气。,which makes his mother angry,【联想拓展】,非限制性定语从句的主要应用场合。(1)先行词指代明确时, 如专有名词、独一无二的事物或者有物主代词和指示代词修饰时, 其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。,Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了, 你在伦敦见过他。He rang James, who was a good friend as well as the family doctor. 他给詹姆斯打 , 他既是好友又是家庭医生。,This novel,which,I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很感人, 我已经读了三遍。(2)关系代词作复杂介词的宾语时。I saw a man,on the head of whom,stood a bird. 我看见一个人, 他的头上有一只鸟。,They came to a farmhouse,in front of which,sat a small boy. 他们来到一家农舍, 前面坐着一个小男孩。(3)关系代词作of的宾语, 且of前有数词、代词或名词时。China has a lot of islands,one of which,is Diaoyu Islands. 中国有许多岛屿, 其中之一是钓鱼岛。,There are a lot of students here, most of whom like the film. 这里有许多学生, 他们之中大多数人喜欢这部电影。(4)关系词指代主句的整个内容时。She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. 她说她已经完成了这项工作, 我对此深感疑心。,As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 译: _,众所周知, 月球每月绕地球转一次。,. 定语从句的简化,有些定语从句可以简化为分词短语、形容词短语、不定式短语等, 且句意不受影响, 这一现象叫做定语从句的简化。其形式主要有以下几种:,1. 省略作宾语的关系代词。,在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词有: who(m), which,that。在限制性定语从句中who(m)用来指人, which用,来指物, that既可指人又可指物。,根据要求改写句子。,He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. (省略关系词),=_,He is the man I saw yesterday.,【名师指津】,(1)当关系代词whom和which直接置于介词之后时, 不能省略。,(2)非限制性定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略。,2. 将定语从句变为非谓语动词形式: 定语从句转换成动词不定式短语/现在分词短语/过去分词短语。,有时为了行文需要, 定语从句中的关系代词和局部谓语动词可以省略, 剩下非谓语形式作定语, 整句的意思不变。现在分词短语表示主动和正在进行, 过去分词短语表示被动和完成; 不定式表示将要发生的动作。,句型转换。,The people who are living in the village have moved,to other places.,=The people _ _ _ _have moved to other,places.,He is a good comrade with whom you can work.,=He is a good comrade _ _ _.,living in the village,to work with,The car which was made in America can run very,fast.,= The car _ _ _can run very fast.,made in America,【课堂小结】,1. 非限制性定语从句与主句的关系并不十分密切, 只是对先行词作补充说明。从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。常使用的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, as; 关系副词有when, where, why。,2. 要注意限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句在形式上、关系代词及其作宾语时是否可以省略、以及翻译方式上的不同。,3. 理解并掌握定语从句的简化的技巧, 即将定语从句转换为非谓语动词。,
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