_11Supply-ChainManagement(运营管理,英文版)

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-1,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Operations Management,Supply -Chain ManagementChapter 11,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-2,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Outline,Global Company Profile: Volkswagon,The Strategic Importance of the Supply-Chain,Global Supply-Chain Issues,Purchasing,Manufacturing Environments,Service Environment,Make-or-Buy Decisions,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-3,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Outline - continued,Supply-Chain Strategies,Many Suppliers,Few Suppliers,Vertical Integration,Keiretsu Networks,Virtual Companies,Vendor Selection,Vendor Evaluation,Vendor Development,Negotiations,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-4,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Outline - continued,Managing the Supply-Chain,Materials Management,Distribution Systems,Benchmarking Supply-Chain Management,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-5,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Explain supply chain management,State the importance of purchasing and materials management,Compare & contrast purchasing strategies,Summarize vendor relations issues,Describe the purchasing process and techniques,Learning Objectives,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-6,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Volkswagon,Brazilian plant employs 1000 workers,200 work for VW,800 work for other contractors,:,Rockwell International, Cummins Engines, Delga Automotiva, MWM, Remon and VDO, etc.,VW responsible for overall quality, marketing, research and design,VW looks to innovative supply chain to improve quality and drive down costs,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-7,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Volkswagon,Unusual elements:,VW is buying not only materials, but also the labor and related services,Suppliers are integrated tightly into VW抯 own network, right down to assembly work in the plant,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-8,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Planning, organizing, directing, & controlling flows of materials,Begins with raw materials,Continues through internal operations,Ends with distribution of finished goods,Involves everyone in supply-chain,Example: Your supplier抯 supplier,Objective: Maximize value & lower waste,Supply-Chain Management,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-9,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Consumer,Retailer,Manufacturing,Materiall Flow,VISA,Credit Flow,Supplier,Supplier,Wholesaler,Retailer,Cash,Flow,Order,Flow,Schedules,The Supply-Chain,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-10,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,The Supply Chain,Supplier,Supplier,Supplier,Inventory,Inventory,Distributor,Inventory,Inventory,Manufacturer,Customer,Customer,Customer,Market research data,scheduling information,Engineering and design data,Order flow and cash flow,Ideas and design to satisfy end customer,Material flow,Credit flow,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-11,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,11%,31%,58%,Material,Dir Wages,Other,71%,16%,13%,COGS,Payroll,Other,83%,9%,8%,COGS,Payroll,Other,Manufacturing,Wholesale,Retail,Material Costs in Supply-Chain,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-12,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Supply-Chain Support for Overall Strategy,Supplier抯,goal,Primary Selection Criteria,Supply demand at lowest possible cost,Select primarily for cost,Low Cost,Respond quickly to changing requirements and demand to minimize stockouts,Select primarily for capacity, speed, and flexibility,Response,Share market research; jointly develop products and options,Select primarily for product development skills,Differentiation,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-13,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Supply-Chain Support for Overall Strategy - continued,Process,Characteristics,Maintain high average utilization,Low Cost,Invest in excess capacity and flexible processes,Response,Modular processes to lend themselves to mass customization,Inventory Characteristics,Minimize inventory throughout the chain to hold down costs,Develop responsive system, with buffer stocks positioned to ensure supply,Minimize inventory in the chain to avoid obsolescence,Differentiation,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-14,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Supply-Chain Support for Overall Strategy - continued,Lead-time,Characteristics,Shorten lead-time as long as it does not increase costs,Low Cost,Invest aggressively to reduce production lead-time,Response,Invest aggressively to reduce development lead-time,Differentiation,Product-design Characteristics,Maximize performance and minimize cost,Use product designs that lead to low set-up time and rapid production ramp-up,Use modular design to postpone product differentiation for as long as possible,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-15,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Global Supply-Chain Issues,Supply chains in a global environment must be:,flexible enough to react to sudden changes in parts availability, distribution, or shipping channels, import duties, and currency rates,able to use the latest computer and transmission technologies to manage the shipment of parts in and finished products out,staffed with local specialists to handle duties, trade, freight, customs and political issues,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-16,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Acquisition of goods & services,Activities,Help decide whether to make or buy,Identify sources of supply,Select suppliers & negotiate contracts,Control vendor performance,Importance,Major cost center,Affects quality of final product,Purchasing,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-17,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Purchasing Costs as a Percent of Sales,All industry,Automobile,Food,Lumber,Paper,Petroleum,Transportation,52%,61%,60%,61%,55%,74%,63%,Industry,Percent of Sales,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-18,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Dollars of Additional Sales Needed to Equal 1$ Saved Through Purchasing,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-19,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Objectives of the Purchasing Function,Help identify the products and services that can be best obtained externally; and,Develop, evaluate, and determine the best supplier, price, and delivery for those products and services,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-20,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,The Purchasing Focus,Materials Management,-High transportation cost,-High inventory costs,Supply Management,-High costs,-Scarcity: national or,international,Source Management,-Unique items,-Custom-made items,-High technology items,Purchasing,Management,-Commodity items,-Standard products,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-21,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Receiving,Dock,Purchase,Order,Packing,List,Order,Processing,Invoice,Receivables Report,Check,Accounts Receivable,Accounts Payable,Mail,Mail,Reconcile,Mail,Customer,Supplier,Traditional Purchasing Process,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-22,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Purchasing Techniques,Drop shipping and special packaging,Blanket orders,Invoiceless purchasing,Electronic ordering and funds transfer,Electronic data interchange (EDI),Stockless purchasing,Standardization,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-23,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Make/Buy Considerations,lower production cost,unsuitable suppliers,assure adequate supply,utilize surplus labor and make a marginal contribution,obtain desired quantity,remove supplier collusion,obtain a unique item that would entail a prohibitive commitment from the supplier,maintain organizational talent,protect proprietary design or quality,increase/maintain size of company,lower acquisition cost,preserve supplier commitment,obtain technical or management ability,inadequate capacity,reduce inventory costs,ensure flexibility and alternate source of supply,reciprocity,item is protected by patent or trade secret,frees management to deal with its primary business,Reasons for Making Reasons for Buying,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-24,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Plans to help achieve company mission,Affect long-term competitive position,Strategic options,Many suppliers,Few suppliers,Keiretsu network,Vertical integration,Virtual company,Plan,?1995 Corel Corp.,Purchasing Strategies,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-25,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Supply-Chain Strategies,Negotiate with many suppliers; play one supplier against another,Develop long-term 損artnering? arrangements with a few suppliers who will work with you to satisfy the end customer,Vertically integrate; buy the actual supplier,Keiretsu - have your suppliers become part of a company coalition,Create a virtual company that uses suppliers on an as-needed basis.,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-26,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Many sources per item,Adversarial relationship,Short-term,Little openness,Negotiated, sporadic PO抯,High prices,Infrequent, large lots,Delivery to receiving dock,?1995 Corel Corp.,Many Suppliers Strategy,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-27,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,1 or few sources per item,Partnership (JIT),Long-term, stable,On-site audits & visits,Exclusive contracts,Low prices (large orders),Frequent, small lots,Delivery to point of use,?1995 Corel Corp.,Few Suppliers Strategy,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-28,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Chrysler抯 Supplier Cost Reduction Effort,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-29,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Raw,Material,(Suppliers),Backward,Integration,Current,Transformation,Forward,Integration,Finished Goods,(Customers),Ability to produce goods previously purchased,Setup operations,Buy supplier,Make-buy issue,Major financial commitment,Hard to do all things well,Vertical Integration Strategy,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-30,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Forms of Vertical Integration,Iron Ore,Steel,Automobiles,Distribution,System,Dealers,Silicon,Integrated,Circuits,Circuit Boards,Computers,Watches,Calculators,Farming,Flour Milling,Raw Material,(Suppliers),Backward,Integration,Current,Transformation,Forward,Integration,Finished Goods,(Customers),Baked Goods,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-31,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Japanese word for 慳ffiliated chain,System of mutual alliances and cross-ownership,Company stock is held by allied firms,Lowers need for short-term profits,Links manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, & lenders,慞artnerships?extend across entire supply chain,Keiretsu Network Strategy,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-32,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,?1995 Corel Corp.,Virtual Company Strategy,Network of independent companies,Linked by technology,PC抯, faxes, Internet etc.,Each contributes core competencies,Typically provide services,Payroll, editing, designing,May be long or short-term,Usually, only until opportunity is met,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-33,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Vendor evaluation,Identifying & selecting potential vendors,Vendor development,Integrating buyer & supplier,Example: Electronic data exchange,Negotiations,Results in contract,Specifies period of agreement, price, delivery terms etc.,Vendor Selection Steps,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-34,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Company,Financial stability,Management,Location,Product,Quality,Price,Service,Delivery on time,Condition on arrival,Technical support,Training,Supplier Selection Criteria,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-35,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Negotiation Strategies,Three types:,cost-based price model,- supplier opens its books to purchaser; price based upon fixed clause plus escalation clause for materials and labor,market-based price model,- published price or index,competitive bidding,- potential suppliers bid for contract,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-36,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Managing the Supply-Chain,Options:,Postponement,Channel assembly,Drop shipping,Blanket orders,Invoiceless purchasing,Electronic ordering and funds transfer,Stockless purchasing,Standardization,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-37,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Managing the Supply-Chain - Other Options,Establishing lines of credit for suppliers,Reducing bank 揻loat,Coordinating production and shipping schedules with suppliers and distributors,Sharing market research,Making optimal use of warehouse space,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-38,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Materials Management,Integrates all materials functions,Purchasing,Inventory management,Production control,Inbound traffic,Warehousing and stores,Incoming quality control,Objective: Efficient, low cost operations,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-39,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Goods Movement Options,Trucking,Railways,Airfreight,Waterways,Pipelines,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-40,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Benchmarking Supply-Chain Management,Number of suppliers per purchasing agent,Purchasing costs as percent of purchases,Lead time (weeks),Time spent placing an order,34,3.3%,15,42 minutes,5,.8%,8,15 minutes,Typical Firms,Benchmark Firms,Transparency Masters to accompany Operations Management, 5E (Heizer & Render),11-41,?,1998 by Prentice Hall, Inc.,A Simon & Schuster Company,Upper Saddle River, N.J. 07458,Supply-Chain Performance Compared,