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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,D.H. Lawrence,Sons and Lovers,David Herbert Richards Lawrence,(11 September 1885 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon,the dehumanizing effects of modernity and industrialization,. Lawrence is now valued by many as a visionary thinker and significant representative of,modernism,in English literature.,Lawrences novels are known for,Oedipal anxieties,and sometimes explicit descriptions of sexual relationships, a rarity in literature at the time and shocking to his contemporaries.,Lady,Chatterlys,Lover, probably his best-known work, was considered obscene and was banned in the United States and England for three decades.,Novel:,The,White Peacock,Sons and Lovers,The Rainbow,Women in Love,Lady Chatterleys Lover,the play :,David,poems collected in,Birds, Beasts and Flowers,Criticism:,Studies in Classic American Literature,One must learn to love, and go through a good deal of suffering to get to it. and the journey is always towards the other soul.,Love is the flower of life, and blossoms unexpectedly and without law, and must be plucked where it is found, and enjoyed for the brief hour of its duration.,Be a good animal, true to your animal instincts.,David Herbert Lawrence was born in 1885 in Nottinghamshire, England where his father was a miner. His experience growing up in a coal-mining family provided much of the inspiration for,Sons and,Lovers.,Initially,titled “Paul Morel,”,Sons and Lovers, published in 1913, is D. H. Lawrences third novel.,Many,of the details of the novels plot are based on Lawrences own,life.,The story recounts the coming of age of Paul Morel, the second son of Gertrude Morel and her hard-drinking, working class husband, Walter Morel, who made his living as a miner. As Mrs. Morel tries to find meaning in her life and emotional fulfillment through her bond with Paul, Paul seeks to break free of his mother through developing relationships with other women. The novel was controversial because of its frank way of addressing sex and its obvious,oedipal,overtones.,Walter Morel,was modeled on Lawrences hard-drinking, irresponsible collier father, Arthur. Lydia became,Gertrude Morel, the intellectually stifled, unhappy mother who lives through her sons. The death of one of Lawrences elder brothers, Ernest, and Lydias grief and eventual obsession with Lawrence, seems hardly changed in the novel.,Sons and Lovers,is also significant for the portrait it provides of,working-class life,in Nottinghamshire, England. Lawrences,disgust with industrialization,shows in his descriptions of the mining pits that dot the countryside and the hardships and humiliation that working families had to endure to survive.,Oedipus complex,Sigmund Freuds most celebrated theory of sexuality, the Oedipus complex takes its name from the title character of the Greek play Oedipus Rex. In the story, Oedipus is prophesied to murder his father and marry his mother ,and he does, though unwittingly. Freud argued that these repressed desires are present in most young boys. (The female version is called the Electra complex.),The Son and the Mother,Paul is hopelessly devoted to his mother, and that love often borders on romantic desire. Lawrence writes many scenes between the two that go beyond the bounds of conventional mother-son love. Completing the Oedipal equation, Paul murderously hates his father and often fantasizes about his death.,Paul transfers his guilty, incestuous feelings to Miriam and Clara. However, Paul cannot love either woman nearly as much as he does his mother, though he does not always realize that this is an impediment to his romantic life. The older, independent Clara, especially, is,a failed maternal substitute,for Paul.,In this setup, Baxter Dawes can be seen as an imposing father figure; his savage beating of Paul, then, can be viewed as Pauls unconsciously desired punishment for his guilt. Pauls eagerness to befriend Dawes once he is ill (which makes him something like the murdered father) further reveals his guilt over the situation.,At the end of the novel, Paul takes a major step in releasing himself from his Oedipus complex. He intentionally overdoses his dying mother with,morphia, an act that reduces her suffering but also subverts his Oedipal fate, since he does not kill his father, but his mother.,Bondages vs. Individuality,Lawrence discusses bondage, or servitude, in two major ways: social and romantic. Socially, Mrs. Morel feels,bound by her status as a woman and by industrialism,. She complains of feeling buried alive, a logical lament for someone married to a miner, and even the children feel they are in a tight place of anxiety.,Romantic bondage,is given far more emphasis in the novel. Paul (and William, to a somewhat lesser extent) feels bound to his mother, and cannot imagine ever abandoning her or even marrying anyone else. He is preoccupied with the notion of lovers belonging to each other, and his true desire, revealed at the end, is for a woman to claim him forcefully as her own.,He feels the sacrificial Miriam fails in this regard and that Clara always belonged to Baxter Dawes. It is clear that no woman could ever match the intensity and steadfastness of his mothers claim.,Emphasis on the Body,His depiction of sexuality, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal way of thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch,behaviour,and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to,restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilizations slow process of over-emphasis on the mind.,
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