资源描述
Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,2021/2/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/2/4,1,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/2/4,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/2/4,*,Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作,Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作. Main communicative purposes of the argumentative essay:,To convince or persuade,to agree with an opinion;,to defend an opinion;,to attack an opinion you believe to be misguiding, untrue, or evil2021/2/42,. Main communicative purposes of the argumentative essay:,To convince or persuade,to agree with an opinion;,to defend an opinion;,to attack an opinion you believe to be misguiding, untrue, or evil,2021/2/4,2,. Basic features,The argumentative essay must,take a controversial issue,for an open debate, i.e., the issue must be,arguable,;,The argument cannot be,general belief;,personal preference ;,or fact,2021/2/4,3,Two sides are generally involved:,proponent,s,( those in favor of the issue) and,opponents,( those against the issue);,The,thesis,must,take a side of an issue, and frequently proposes a course of action;,The argumentative essay are,highly persuasive and logical,( often expressed with the modal “,should,”);,Good logic,is the heart of the argumentative essay.,2021/2/4,4,.,Strategies for,logical persuasion,Be fully aware of your audience or reader;,As the purpose of an argumentative essay is to convince the reader of your position, you should address your reader by,writing objectively, logically, and respectfully,.,2021/2/4,5,Try to identify and understand,your opponents point of view,You,cannot just present your own opinion,in argumentation. This can never convince the reader.,You have,to consider the point of view of your opponents,.,2021/2/4,6,3. Use two forms of logical reasoning:,induction,and,deduction,.,Induction,（归纳）,: the process of,reasoning,from the particular details to the general conclusion,. It involves examining particular details such as specific cases, facts, or examples. The conclusion is,made based on the evidence,coming from the specific details.,2021/2/4,7,Deduction,（演绎）,: the process of,reasoning from the general to the specific,. It begins with a generalization and is applied in a specific case. The,conclusion is drawn based on a generalization,.,2021/2/4,8,Deduction involves,a,three-step form,of reasoning called,Syllogism,（三段论）,:,Major Premise,( the initial generalization),Minor Premise,( the specific case ), and,Conclusion,( the resulting statement).,This three-step form can be illustrated as follows:,Major Premise:,Dogs bark.,Minor Premise:,Little Brown is a dog.,Conclusion:,Therefore, Little Brown barks.,2021/2/4,9,To be more specific,the major premise is,a generalization,that you and your reader can,both agree on, whether it is a generally accepted statement or whether you have already proved it earlier in the argument.,The minor premise is,the part that,you need to prove in your argument,.,2021/2/4,10,e.g. If the issue is about,nuclear power plant construction, you may take the three-step form of reasoning like this:,Major premise:,Only safe sources of energy should be developed.,Minor premise:,Nuclear power plants are safe sources of energy.,Conclusion:,Therefore, nuclear power plants should be constructed.,（,Notice: Some complex issues require,more than one premise,to be proved.),2021/2/4,11,To,avoid being illogical,in this reasoning process, you need to keep the following points in mind:,The major premise and the minor premise must be true,if the conclusion is to be valid;,e.g.,All people like to suffer,. ( MaP ),Jonny is a person. ( MiP ),Jonny likes to suffer. ( C ),The above reasoning process appears,illogical,since the major premise is not based on the truth.,2021/2/4,12,The major premise and the minor premise must be set up to,follow the correct logical order,;,T,he correct logical order is as follows:,A = B All automobiles have wheels.,C = A Honda is an automobile.,C = B Therefore, Honda has wheels.,2021/2/4,13,An,incorrect logical order,is as follows:,All A = B All automobiles have wheels.,C = B,Honda has wheels,.,C = A Therefore, Honda is automobile.,(Such an illogical order,makes the conclusion invalid,for Honda might be a motorcycle or a wagon.),2021/2/4,14,The terms,in one premise,must be used the same way,in the other premise.,Look at the following examples:,Some vegetarians,eat eggs.,John is a vegetarian.,John eats eggs.,All Americans speak English.,Mary is,a South American,.,Mary speaks English.,2021/2/4,15,. Planning an argumentative essay,When you plan an argumentative essay, keep in mind the following points:,The argumentative essay should,introduce and explain the issue or case,;,The essay should,offer adequate reasons and support the reasons with good evidence,;,2021/2/4,16,The essay,should,refute opposing arguments,.,This is a very particular characteristic which distinguishes argumentative essays from expository essays. You must not only,present your own point of view and prove it,but also refute your opponents view and prove that,yours is more valid or superior,.,2021/2/4,17,. Organizing an argumentative essay,(1) Introduction,To make a good beginning of such an essay, you should first introduce the problem and the thesis to,clarify the controversial issue,to your reader. Then you should,provide background information,.,2021/2/4,18,(2),The developmental part,Confirmation,(2-3 paragraphs) and,refutation,(1-3 paragraphs )are required in developing the main part of the essay.,To confirm your personal point of view,you need to,give reasons to support,your thesis;,2021/2/4,19,the reasons must be,convincing evidence,which is normally from,examples,facts,authoritative or expert opinions,statistical findings,personal experience or observations,2021/2/4,20,To refute opposing views,you,should consider your opponents point of view,at the same time;,acknowledge the good points of opponents views first,explain why your opponents views are not good enough.,2021/2/4,21,In developing the main part of the argumentative essay, you may,choose any pattern,or combine the patterns,to further develop the thesis,as we deal with cause-and-effect genre writing ( description, narration, definition, classification, exemplification, causal analysis, comparison & contrast, etc.),2021/2/4,22,(3) The Concluding part,To better conclude the essay, you should,restate your thesis,summarize your main points,urge your reader to take action,predict the future,2021/2/4,23,. Some transitional words and phrases,Chronological order,first of all/first, after that/second, then/next, last/finally,Exemplification,to illustrate this point, ,can be illustrated as follows,a good case in point is,Addition,besides that, apart from this, in addition (to), furthermore, whats more, moreover,Comparison & contrast,likewise,/similarly, in the same way, similar to, conversely/on the contrary, in contrast (to),on the other hand, different from,2021/2/4,24,. Some typical sentence patterns for argumentation,It can be argued that,People argue/maintain /believe that,Some people argue/claim that,But more often than not, the reverse/ the opposite is usually the case/true,.,Some assume that , however, this proves to be the contrary/the,opposite/the other way around,.,They are right in, but,It is true that, but it does not necessarily follow that,2021/2/4,25,Writing assignment:,Has man a future?,Some people hold the view that the world will get better day by day. However, as the fast development of the modern society has brought unprecedented challenges to mankind, this lingering question continues to provoke deep thought, reflection, doubt or even fear. Some people believe that if severe threats like nuclear weapons and climate change remain unchecked mans life will be greatly endangered and “ the doomsday clock is on the verge of striking”. Discuss with your peers and,write an argumentative essay within 600 words,.,Have peer review after you finish your writing,.,You may refer to,the peer review checklist in your handout (pp.350-351).,Submit your essay next time for the class.,2021/2/4,26,谢谢！,
展开阅读全文