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*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,2,SUPPLY AND DEMAND I: HOW MARKETS WORK,供给,与需求（,I）：,市场如何运行,The Market Forces of Supply and Demand,供给与需求的市场力量,Chapter 4,The Market Forces of Supply and Demand,Supply,and,demand,are the two words that economists use most often.,Supply,and,demand,are the forces that make market economies work.,Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.,供给与需求的市场力量,供给,和,需求,是经济学家最常用的两个词。,供给,和,需求,是让市场经济运行的力量。,现代微观经济学就是关于供给、需求和市场均衡的学科。,Markets,A,market,is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.,The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in,markets,.,市场,市场,是指某种物品或劳务的一群买者与卖者的集合。,供给与需求这两个术语是指人们在,市场,上相互交易时的行为。,Markets and competition,市场与竞争,Buyers,determine,demand,.,买者决定,需求,Sellers,determine,supply,.,卖者决定,供给,A Competitive Market,竞争市场,A,competitive market,is a market,in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price,竞争市场,有很多买者和卖者的市场，所以每一个买者或卖者对市场价格的影响都可以忽略不计。,Competition: Perfect and Otherwise,Products are the same,Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no influence over price,Buyers and Sellers are price takers,Perfect Competition,竞争: 完全及其它,产品是完全相同的。,买者和卖者如此之多，以至于没有一个买者或卖者可以影响价格。,买者和卖者都是价格接受者。,完全竞争,Competition: Perfect and Otherwise,Monopoly,One seller, and seller controls price,Oligopoly,Few sellers,Not always aggressive competition,竞争: 完全及其它,垄断,一个卖者，卖者决定价格,。,寡头,少数几个卖者。,并不总是主动地进行竞争。,Competition: Perfect and Otherwise,Monopolistic Competition,Many sellers,Slightly differentiated products,Each seller may set price for its own product,竞争: 完全及其它,垄断竞争,许多卖者,略有差异的产品,每个卖者都有决定自己产品价格的能力,Demand,需求,Quantity demanded,is the amount of a good that buyers are,willing,and,able,to purchase.,需求量,是指买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品或劳务的数量。,Law of Demand,需求规律,The,law of demand,states that there is an,inverse relationship,between price and quantity demanded.,需求规律,认为，价格与需求量之间的关系是负关系。,Demand Schedule,需求表,The,demand schedule,is a table that shows the relationship between the,price,of the good and the,quantity,demanded.,需求表,表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的表格。,Catherines,Demand Schedule,凯瑟琳的需求表,Demand Curve,需求曲线,The,demand curve,is,the downward-sloping line relating price to quantity demanded.,需求曲线,把价格与需求量联系在一起的向右下方倾斜的曲线。,Figure 1 Catherines Demand Schedule and Demand Curve,Price of,Ice-Cream Cone,0,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,Quantity of,Ice-Cream Cones,$3.00,12,1.,A decrease,in price,.,2.,.,increases quantity,of cones demanded.,图1.,Catherine,的需求表和需求曲线,冰激凌蛋卷,的价格,0,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,冰激凌蛋卷,需求量,$3.00,12,1. 价格下降,2.,.,蛋卷的需求量上升。,Market Demand,versus Individual Demand,Market demand,refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.,Graphically, individual demand curves are summed,horizontally,to obtain the market demand curve.,市场需求,市场需求,是指所有个人对某种物品或劳务需求的总和。,从图形上看, 把个人需求曲线,水平,相加，就得出了市场需求曲线。,Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand,Change in,Quantity Demanded,Movement along the demand curve.,Caused by a change in the,price,of the product.,需求量的变化与需求的变化,需求量,的变化,沿着需求曲线移动,。,是由于产品价格变动引起的。,0,D,Price of Ice-Cream Cones,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,A tax that raises the price of ice-cream cones results in a movement along the demand curve.,A,B,8,1.00,$2.00,4,Changes in Quantity Demanded,0,D,冰激凌,蛋卷,的,价格,冰激凌,蛋卷的消费量,提高冰激凌蛋卷价格的税收引起沿着需求曲线的移动,A,B,8,1.00,$2.00,4,需求量的变化,Shifts in the Demand Curve,Consumer income,Prices of related goods,Tastes,Expectations,Number of buyers,需求曲线的移动,消费者收入,相关产品价格,嗜好,预期,买者数量,Shifts in the Demand Curve,Change in,Demand,A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right.,Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price.,需求曲线的移动,需求,的变化,需求曲线的移动，向左或者向右。,是由价格以外的因素变化引起的。,Shifts in the Demand Curve,0,D,1,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,D,3,D,2,Increase in demand,Decrease in demand,需求曲线的移动,0,D,1,冰激凌蛋卷的价格,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,D,3,D,2,需求增加,需求减少,Consumer Income,消费者收入,As income increases the demand for a,normal good,will,increase,.,收入增加，,正常商品,的需求增加,As income increases the demand for an,inferior good,will,decrease,.,收入增加，,劣等品,的需求减少,Consumer Income,Normal Good,$3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,2,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,11,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Increase,in demand,An increase in income.,D,1,D,2,消费者收入,正常商品,$3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,2,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,11,冰激凌蛋卷的价格,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,需求增加,收入增加.,D,1,D,2,Consumer Income,Inferior Good,$3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,2,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,11,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,Decrease,in demand,An increase in income.,D,1,D,2,消费者收入,劣等品,$3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,2,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,11,冰激凌蛋卷的价格,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,需求减少,收入增加.,D,1,D,2,Prices of Related Goods,Substitutes & Complements,When a fall in the price of one good reduces,the demand for another good, the two goods are called,substitutes,.,When a fall in the price of one good increases,the demand for another good, the two goods are called,complements,.,相关物品的价格,替代品和互补品,当一种物品价格下降减少了另一种物品需求时，这两种物品被称为,替代品。,当一种物品价格下降增加了另一种物品需求时，这两种物品被称为,互补品。,Table 1 Variables That Influence Buyers,Copyright2004 South-Western,表1. 影响买者的变量,变量,这些变量的变动将 . . .,价格,表现为沿着需求曲线的变动,收入,移动需求曲线,相关物品价格,移动需求曲线,嗜好,移动需求曲线,预期,移动需求曲线,买者数量,移动需求曲线,Supply,供给,Quantity supplied,is the amount of a good that sellers are,willing and able,to sell.,供給量,是指卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品或劳务的数量。,Law of Supply,供给规律,The,law of supply,states that there is a,direct (positive) relationship,between price and quantity,supplied.,供给规律,认为，价格与供給量之间的关系是正关系。,Supply Schedule,供给表,The,supply schedule,is,a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied.,供给表,是表示一种物品价格与供給量之间关系的表格。,Bens Supply Schedule,供给表,Supply Curve,供给曲线,The,supply curve,is the upward-sloping line relating price to quantity supplied.,供给曲线,把价格与供給量联系在一起的向右上方倾斜的曲线。,Figure 5 Bens Supply Schedule and Supply Curve,rice of,Ice-Cream,Cone,0,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,Quantity of,Ice-Cream Cones,$3.00,12,0.50,1.,An,increase,in price,.,2.,.,increases quantity of cones supplied.,图5.,Ben,供给表与供给曲线,冰激凌蛋卷,需求量,0,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,冰激凌蛋卷的供給量,$3.00,12,0.50,1.价格,上升,2.,.,供給量增加。,Market Supply,versus Individual Supply,Market supply,refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service.,Graphically, individual supply curves are summed,horizontally,to obtain the market supply curve.,市场供给,市场供给,是指某种物品或劳务的所有卖者个人供给的总和。,从图形上看, 把个人供给曲线,水平,相加，就得出了市场供给曲线。,Shifts in the Supply Curve,Input prices,Technology,Expectations,Number of producers,供给曲线的移动,投入要素价格,技术,预期,生产者数量,Change in Quantity Supplied versus Change in Supply,Change in,Quantity Supplied,Movement along the supply curve.,Caused by a change in the market price of the product.,供給量的变化与供给的变化,供給量的变化,沿着供给曲线移动。,是由于产品的市场价格变动引起的。,Change in Quantity Supplied,1,5,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,S,1.00,A,C,$3.00,A rise in the price of ice cream cones results in a,movement along the supply curve,.,供給量的变化,1,5,冰激凌蛋卷的价格,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,S,1.00,A,C,$3.00,冰激凌蛋卷的市场价格上升导致供給量沿着供给曲线的移动,。,Shifts in the Supply Curve,Change in Supply,A,shift,in the supply curve, either to the left or right.,Caused by a change in a determinant other than price.,供給曲线的移动,供给的变化,供给曲线的移动，向左或者向右。,是由于价格以外的因素变化造成的。,Shifts,in the Supply Curve,Price of Ice-Cream Cone,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,0,S,1,S,2,S,3,Increase in Supply,Decrease in Supply,供给曲线的移动,冰激凌蛋卷的价格,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,0,S,1,S,2,S,3,供给增加,供给减少,Table 2 Variables That Influence Sellers,供給量的变化与供给的变化,SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER,供给与需求的结合,Equilibrium,refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.,市场均衡,价格,水平达到供給量与需求量相等的状态。,Supply and Demand Together,Equilibrium Price,The price that balances supply and demand.,On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect.,Equilibrium Quantity,The quantity that balances supply and demand.,On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect.,供给与需求的结合,均衡价格,使供给与需求平衡的价格。,从图形上看，就是供给曲线与需求曲线相交时的价格。,均衡数量,当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供給量与需求量。,从图形上看，就是供给曲线与需求曲线相交时的数量。,Supply and Demand Together,Demand Schedule,Supply Schedule,At $2.00, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied!,供给与需求的结合,需求表,供给表,在 $2.00时, 需求量等于供給量!,Figure 8 The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand,Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning,Price of,Ice-Cream,Cone,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones,13,Equilibrium,quantity,Equilibrium price,Equilibrium,Supply,Demand,$2.00,表8. 供给与需求的均衡,冰激凌蛋卷,需求量,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,13,均衡数量,均衡价格,均衡,供给,需求,$2.00,Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium,Price of,Ice-Cream,Cone,0,Supply,Demand,(,a) Excess Supply,Quantity,demanded,Quantity,supplied,Surplus,Quantity of,Ice-Cream,Cones,4,$2.50,10,2.00,7,图9. 非均衡状态的市场,冰激凌蛋卷,需求量,0,供给,需求,(,a),超额供给,需求量,供给量,过剩,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,4,$2.50,10,2.00,7,Equilibrium,Surplus,When price equilibrium price, then quantity supplied quantity demanded.,There is excess supply or a surplus.,Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium.,均衡,过剩,当价格高于均衡价格时，供給量大于需求量。,存在,超额供给,或,过剩。,供给者通过降低价格来增加销售，这使价格向其均衡水平变动。,Equilibrium,Shortage,When price the quantity supplied.,There is excess demand or a shortage.,Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward equilibrium.,均衡,短缺,当价格低于市场均衡价格时，需求量超过了供給量。,存在着,超额需求,或,短缺。,由于太多卖者要购买太少的物品，供给者将提高价格。因此价格将趋向于市场均衡价格。,Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium,Price of,Ice-Cream,Cone,0,Quantity of,Ice-Cream,Cones,Supply,Demand,(,b) Excess Demand,Quantity,supplied,Quantity,demanded,1.50,10,$2.00,7,4,Shortage,图9. 非均衡状态的市场,冰激凌蛋卷,需求量,0,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,供给,供给,(,b),超额需求,供給量,需求量,1.50,10,$2.00,7,4,短缺,Equilibrium,均衡,Law of supply and demand,需求,规律,The claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.,认为任何一种物品价格的调整都会使该物品供求平衡的观点。,Three Steps To Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium,Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both).,Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right.,Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see,how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity.,分析均衡的三个步骤,确定该事件是使供给曲线移动，还是使需求曲线移动，或者使两种曲线都移动。,确定曲线是向右移动，还是向左移动。,用供求图来考察这种移动如何影响均衡价格和数量。,How an Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium,Price of,Ice-Cream,Cone,2.00,0,7,Quantity of,Ice-Cream Cones,Supply,Initial,equilibrium,D,1,1.,Hot weather increases,the demand for ice cream.,D,2,2. .,resulting,in a higher,price.,$2.50,10,3. .,and a higher,quantity sold.,New equilibrium,需求增加如何影响均衡,冰激凌蛋卷,的价格,2.00,0,7,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,供给,原来的,均衡,D,1,1. 天气热使冰激凌需求增加.,D,2,2. 引起价格,上升.,$2.50,10,3. 及销售量更多。,新均衡,Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium,Shifts in Curves versus Movements along Curves,A shift in the supply curve is called a change in supply.,A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a change in quantity supplied.,A shift in the demand curve is called a change in demand.,A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a change in quantity demanded.,分析均衡的三个步骤,曲线移动与沿着曲线的移动:,供给曲线的移动被称为,供给的变化。,沿着固定的供给曲线的移动被称为,供給量的变化。,需求曲线的移动被称为,需求的变化。,沿着固定的需求曲线的移动被称为,需求量的变化。,S,2,How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium,Price of,Ice-Cream,Cone,2.00,0,1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,Quantity of,Ice-Cream Cones,13,Demand,Initial equilibrium,S,1,10,1.,An earthquake reduces,the supply of ice cream.,New,equilibrium,2. .,resulting,in a higher,price.,$2.50,3. .,and a lower,quantity sold.,S,2,供给减少如何影响均衡,冰激凌蛋卷,的价格,2.00,0,1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,冰激凌蛋卷的数量,13,需求,原来的均衡,S,1,10,地震减少了,冰激凌的供给.,新均衡,2. 引起价格,上升.,$2.50,3. 以及销售量减少。,What Happens to Price and Quantity When Supply or Demand Shifts?,当供给或需求变动时，价格和数量会发生什么变化?,Summary,Economists use the model of supply and demand to analyze competitive markets.,In a competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers, each of whom has little or no influence on the market price.,小结,经济学家用供求模型来分析竞争市场。,在,竞争市场中，有许多买者和卖者，他们当中的任何一个对市场价格具有极小或者没有影响力。,Summary,The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good depends upon the price.,According to the law of demand, as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises. Therefore, the demand curve slopes downward.,In addition to price, other determinants of how much consumers want to buy include income, the prices of complements and substitutes, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers.,If one of these factors changes, the demand curve shifts.,小结,需求曲线表示一种物品的需求量如何取决于价格。,根据需求规律，当一种物品价格上升时，需求量减少。所以需求曲线是下倾的。,除了价格以外，决定需求量的其它因素包括收入、替代品和互补品的价格、嗜好、预期，以及买者的数量。,如果,这些变量中的任何一个变化，导致需求曲线移动。,Summary,The supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends upon the price.,According to the law of supply, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises. Therefore, the supply curve slopes upward.,In addition to price, other determinants of how much producers want to sell include input prices, technology, expectations, and the number of sellers.,If one of these factors changes, the supply curve shifts.,小结,供给曲线表示一种物品的供給量如何取决于价格。,根据供给规律，当一种物品的价格上升时，供給量增加。,所以,供给曲线是上倾的。,除了价格以外，决定供給量的其它因素包括投入要素的价格、技术、预期，以及卖者的数量。,如果,这些变量中的任何一个变化，导致供给曲线移动。,Summary,Market equilibrium is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves.,At the equilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.,The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium.,小结,市场均衡是由供给曲线和需求曲线相交决定的。,在,均衡价格水平上，需求量和供給量相等。,买者,和卖者的行为自然地驱动 市场走向均衡。,Summary,To analyze how any event influences a market, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to examine how the even affects the equilibrium price and quantity.,In market economies, prices are the signals that guide economic decisions and thereby allocate resources.,小结,为了,分析一个事件如何影响市场，我们利用供求图来考察这一事件如何影响均衡价格和均衡数量。,在市场经济中，价格是指引经济决策从而配置稀缺资源的信号。,
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