英美文学鉴赏课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,英美文学复习材料,Jeffery Chaucer,Father/founder of English Poetry,Major works:,The,Romaunt,of the Rose ,玫瑰传奇,The Parliament of Fowls,百鸟议会,Troilus and Criseyde,特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德,The Legend of Good Women,好女人传,The Canterbury Tales ,坎特伯雷故事集,The Canterbury Tales,The story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.,A rich, tapestry,(,织锦,),of medieval social life,combining elements of all classes, from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.,London dialect,The General Prologue,consists of character sketches of each member of the group that is going to Canterbury.,The Canterbury Tales,Some of the characters,The Knight :the first story teller,The Prioress,女修道院副院长,The Merchant,The Wife of Bath,巴斯妇,:,the first female figure in British literature,Poor Priest,William Shakespeare,(1564-1616),Renaissance,Meaning: rebirth or revival,Time: began in the 14th century, end in the 17th century.,Place: began in Italy, later spread to France, Spain and England.,A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture; the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.,Essence: humanism,William Shakespeare,Works,37 plays,2 long narrative poems,154 sonnets,William Shakespeare,Drama:,Tragedies,-,Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet,Comedies,-,As You Like It, The Merchants of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Nights,Dream,The,Taming of the,Shrew,Twelfth,Night,Histories,-,Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, Richard III,Romances/tragicomedie,s,: Cymbeline, The Tempest,Romeo and Juliet,Characters: The,Montagues,/ The,Capulets,Plot,Theme,Act II, Scene II,The balcony scene,One of the romantic peaks of the play.,In this scene, Romeo has employed three comparisons to express his admiration for Juliet:,the sun, twinkling stars, a bright angel.,William Shakespeare :Sonnet,A sonnet is a,lyric,invariably of,fourteen lines, usually in,iambic pentameter,五音步抑扬格, restricted to a,definite rhyme scheme,韵律,.,Three types of sonnet,1),Petrarchan,sonnet (,彼特拉克体,/,意大利十四行诗,),2) Spenserian Sonnet,（斯宾塞体十四行诗）,3) Shakespearian Sonnet,（莎士比亚,/,英国体十四行诗,Shakespearian Sonnet,3 quatrains + a couplet,abab,cdcd,efef,gg,Sonnet 18,“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?”,Theme: A nice summer day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus Shakespeare expresses,his faith in the permanence of poetry, of art and love.,Sonnet 29,Theme: The power of love can overcome all the difficulties and obstacles in ones lifetime.,Romanticism,Begins with,the publication of,Lyrical Ballads,(1798) and,ends with,the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832).,Pre-romantic poets,: William Blake, Robert Burns,Active romantic poets,: George Gordon Byron, Percy,Bysshe,Shelley, John Keats,Passive romantic poets / Lake Poets,: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey.,Robert Burns,Farmer poet/,national poet of Scotland,Write in,Scottish dialect,Themes of poetry are life of the common Scotch, love, friendship,ect,.,“A Red, Red Rose: four,stanzas; a ballad form; love; figures of speech,“Auld Lang,Syne,”: friendship, parting-song,William Wordsworth,Poet Laureate,桂冠诗人,Collaborate with Coleridge on,Lyrical Ballads:,a declaration of romanticism,Define Poetry as “,the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility,”.,A worshipper of nature,“,I Wandered Lonely as Cloud,”: four six-line stanzas; iambic tetrameter; rhyme scheme:,ababcc,; theme: the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/ Nature s beauty uplifts the human spirit.,“,Composed Upon Westminster Bridge,”: a,Petrarchan,sonnet;,abbaabba,cdcdcd,;describing London in an early morning; figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification,Percy,Bysshe,Shelley,(1792-1822),one of the leading romantic poets,loved people and hated the oppressors and exploiters,His wife: Mary Shelley,Frankenstein,弗兰肯斯坦,Major works:,The Necessity of Atheism ,无神论的必要性,Queen,Mab,仙后麦布,Prometheus Unbound ,解放了的普罗米修斯,Ode to the West Wind ,西风颂,Ode to a Skylark ,云雀颂,A,Defence,of Poetry ,诗辩,The Masque of Anarchy ,暴政的行列,Ode to the West Wind,Ode,: a long lyric poem that is serious in subject, elevated in style, and elaborate in its structure. It is written to praise and glorify somebody or to eulogize something.,Form:,1.,Every stanza is a sonnet; five stanzas of iambic pentameter.,2. Every stanza consists of 4,terza,rima,（,三行诗隔句押韵法,）,+ couplet.,Structure,: stanza 1-3: activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea. Stanza 4-5: the poets wish to be free like the wind.,Ode to the West Wind,Theme,: 1. Revolutionary spirit; 2. Wish to destroy the old and build up a new world.,The art of language,:,1. The use of alliteration, capitalization, end rhyme,ect,.,2. many figures of speech:,simile /metaphor /,personificiton,/ allusion / symbol,To,One word,is too often profaned,For me to profane it,One feeling,too falsely,distaind,For thee to distain it;,One hope,is too like despair,For prudence to smother,Love lyric; repetition /parallel; understatement,（含蓄陈述）,Jane Austen,(1775-1817),The first important English woman novelist,Writing style,:,Theme: mostly about love and marriage,Language: simple, humorous, witty, ironic,Plot: straightforward, little action,Characters: like real living persons,Dialogues: true to life,She called her work “,a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square,” (“,两寸牙雕”,),A very narrow literary field,But within her own field, she is unrivaled: vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rural England of her time,Jane Austen,Major works,:,Northanger Abbey,诺桑觉寺,(1818),Sense and Sensibility,理智与情感,(,1811),Pride and Prejudice,傲慢与偏见,(,1813,),Mansfield,Park,曼斯菲尔德庄园,(1814,),Emma,艾玛, (,1816),Persuasion,劝导,(,1818),Pride and Prejudice,“,It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”,Main characters/plot/theme,Dialogues,Character analysis: Mr. and Mrs.,Bennet,; Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy; Jane and Mr. Bingley,Pride/prejudice,Charles Dickens (,1812 1870,),Victorian novelist,Representative writer of critical realism,critical realism,:,1.,O,bjectivity,:truly reflected the life of the,Capitalist Society,2.,Criticalness,:,d,eeply exposed and criticized,Feudal aristocracy,and the capitalist,s,;,advocated humanism,&,pursue the truth,3.,T,ypicality,:Use t,ypical character,s in a,certain environment,.,Charles Dickens,Major works:,匹克威克外传,（,The Pickwick Papers,）,雾都孤儿,（,Oliver Twist,）,老古玩店,（,The Old Curiosity Shop,）,美国纪行,（,American Notes,）,圣诞颂歌,（,A Christmas Carol,）,董贝父子,（,Dombey and Son,）,大卫,科波菲尔,（,David Copperfield,）,荒凉山庄,（,Bleak House,）,艰难时世,（,Hard Times,）,双城记,（,A Tale of Two Cities,）,我们共同的朋友,（,Our Mutual Friend,）,A Tale of Two Cities,Two cities:,Paris and London,Set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution,Three groups of people:,The feudal aristocrat,：,Marquis,（侯爵）,Evremond,封建贵族,The revolutionary masses,：,Ms,Defarge,革命群众,Ideal persons:,Doctor,Manette,;,Lucy Manette,;,Charles,Darney,;,Sydney Carton,理想化人物,A Tale of Two Cities,It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, iit was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way,。,-in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.,parallelism,Oliver Twist,vivid descriptions of the,workhouse,and life of the,underworld,in the nineteenth-century London.,“Please, sir, I want some more”,Bronte sisters,Charlotte Bronte:,Jane Eyre,Emily Bronte:,Wuthering Heights,Anne Bronte:,Agnes Grey,The Tenant of the,Wildfell,Hall,Jane Eyre,The first important governess novel,in the English literary history,Plot,: five stages,Childhood at,Gateshead,Education at the,Lowood,School,As a governess at,Thornfield,With the Rivers family at Moor House,Her reunion with and marriage to Rochester at,Ferndean,Jane Eyre,A ground-breaking(,开拓性的,) novel:,it is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society.,it is an intense moral fable.,its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.,The characteristic of Jane Eyre,：,small, plain, quick wit, honesty, frankness, loving heart, the spirit of independence and self-dignity,Wuthering Heights,Characters: Wuthering Heights,vs,Thrushcross,Grange,Plot:,Theme: love, class, revenge,Mr. Linton,Mr. Earnshaw,Isabella,Edgar,Catherine,Heathcliff,Hindley,Little Catherine,(Cathy),Little Linton,Hareton,Robert Browning (1812-1889),English poet and playwright,Master of,dramatic monologues,One of the foremost,Victorian,poets,major works,My Last Duchess,我已故的公爵夫人,Home-Thoughts, from Abroad,海外乡思,The Ring and the Book,环与书,Meeting at Night,夜会,Parting at Morning,晨别,My Last Duchess,Summary,: In this poem, Browning creates a character of chilling coldness and cruelty. The speaker is a,Duke,who is conducting negotiations for a bride, a new Duchess. He is talking with the representative of potential father-in-law. Almost casually, he shows them the picture of the “last” Duchess whom he had killed because he could not dominate her.,Characters:,Speaker (or narrator): the Duke,proud, possessive, selfish, cruel, jealous,Duchess: the late wife of the Duke.,gentle, kind, beautiful, noble-minded,Emissary (,使者,) of the Count (the listener),:the emissary has no speaking role; he simply listens, but we can clearly feels his presence.,My Last Duchess,Dramatic monologue,: a type of poem in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.,Elizabeth,Barret,Browning,Wife of Robert Browning,Sonnets from the Portuguese,葡萄牙十四行诗集,Sonnets from the Portuguese:14 “If thou must love me, let it be for naught / Except for loves sake only.”,Sonnets from the Portuguese:43 “,How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.”,Petrarchian,sonnet:,abba,abba,cdcdcd,Thomas Hardy (1840-1928),the,Wessex,Novels/ “Novels of Character and Environment”:,Under the Greenwood Tree,绿荫下,(1872),Far from the Madding Crowd,远离尘嚣,(1874),The Return of the Native,还乡记,(1878),The Mayor of,Casterbridge,卡斯特桥市长, (1886),Tess of the DUrbervilles,德伯家的苔丝,(1891),Jude the Obscure,无名的裘德, (1896).,Thomas Hardy,Thomas Hardys pessimistic view of life predominated most of his later works and earns him a reputation as a,naturalistic,(,自然主义的,) writer.,Tess of the DUrbervilles,Tess,Durbeyfield,:,Angel Clare,Alec dUrbervilles,Tess of the DUrbervilles,Tess was a pure woman:,a. Pure here not refers to the physical meaning but the spiritual one. Throughout the novel, Tess was loyal to her true feelings. She remained her loyalty to Angel. Alec only claimed her body. She was spiritually with Angel all the time.,b. She is responsible and does her best for the family.,c. She is honest.,d. She could face her tragedy with great dignity.,Tess of the DUrbervilles,Why do we say Tesss tragedy is a personal as well as a social one?,Tesss fate is personal:,She happens to be so beautiful, so pure, so innocent, and so poor, and she happens to get involved with two men who, though apparent rivals, actually joint their forces in bringing about her destruction.,Both Alec and Angel violated and made fun of Tess. Tess was physically injured by Alec dUrbervilles, and mentally was affected by Angel Clare.,Alec and Angel by different way made Tess tragedy from bad to worse.,Her fate is a social one,: It can be the fate of any country girl like her. It can be the fate of all the peasants who are driven out of their land and home and forced to seek somewhere else for sustenance.,What is the theme of Hardys,Wessex,novels?,The setting is the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.,He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers.,These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.,He thinks that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate.,Washington Irving,(1783-1859),Father of American literature.,the father of American short stories.,the first American writer to gain international game.,His writing,marks the beginning of Romanticism,in American literature,Washington Irving,Major works,A History of New York,纽约外史,The Sketch Book,见闻札记,including:,“The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow”,睡谷的传说,“Rip Van Winkle”,瑞普,凡,温克尔,Rip Van Winkle,The story of,Rip Van Winkle,begins about five or six years,before the American Revolution,and ends twenty years later.,The action takes place in a village in,British colonial New York, near,the Hudson River,and the Catskill Mountains.,The character of Rip Van Winkle: A simple, good-natured man; An obedient, henpecked (,惧内的,) husband; A great favorite among neighbors and children; who loathes,（厌恶）,profitable labor.,Language: humorous,Theme: the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past,The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow,The story takes place in about 1790, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. The main character is,Ichabod,Crane,; he is a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut. He and,Brom,Van Brunt, a native of Sleepy Hollow, both fall in love with,Katrina Van Tassel,. Katrina is the daughter and sole child of a,weathy,farmer,Baltus,Van Tassel. At first, Crane seems to win her heart, so he is invited to attend a party at the Van Tassel home. And on his way back home, he is pursued by the,Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper,（赫赛骑兵）,who had his head shot off during some nameless battle of the American Revolutionary War. Then Crane mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry,Brom,Van Brunt. Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, the story implies that the Horseman was really,Brom,in disguise.,Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849),novelist, poet, critic,good at writing,Gothic,and detective fiction,father of western detective stories,Major works:,Poems:,The Raven To Helen,Short stories:,The Murders in the Rue Morgue ,毛格街血案,The Fall of the House of Usher,厄舍古屋的倒塌,The Tell-Tale Heart,泄密的心,Black Cat,黑猫,The Masque of the Red Death,红色死亡的化妆舞会,Poes Theories for the Short Story,:,a. The short story should be so,brief,as to,be read at one sitting.,b.,The first sentence,ought to help to,bring out the “,single effect,” of the story.,c. No word should be used which does not,contribute to the work.,d. A tale should reveal some logical truth,and should end with,the last sentence,leaving,a sense of finality,with the reader.,Poes poetic theory,a. The poem should be so,brief,as to,be read at one sitting.,b.,The purpose of poetry lay in the creation of,beauty,and,intensity of emotion,rather than teaching of morality. a forerunner of pure poetry,c. The most efficient form of beauty which is able to undulate readers soul had to be the death, especially the,death of a beautiful woman,. so the key tone of Poes poetry was melancholy and depressed,.,d.,Poet should combine,music,with poetry so as to provoke readers with a sense of beauty.,The Raven,corresponds in every aspect with Poes aesthetic standard for poetry.,With the 108 lines, it is readable at one sitting;,It took the lament over the death of a beautiful woman as its theme;,It is pervaded with a sense of melancholy;,The exquisite rhyme and rhythm were widely used.,Questions,1. Why a raven, not a parrot?,because of the melancholy tone, and the symbolism of ravens as birds of ill-omen, he found the raven more suitable for the mood in the poem (Poe, 1850).,Questions,2. Why did the raven perch on the goddess of wisdom?,Contrasted color,Lead the narrator to believe that the raven spoke from wisdom.,To signify the scholarship of the narrator.,Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864),Great American,Romantic,Novelist,Pioneering,psychological,novelist,Combined the American romanticism with,puritan,moralism,using,symbolism,Dark romanticism,黑色浪漫主义,In almost every book he wrote, he discussed,sin and evil,.,Major Works,Novels,The Scarlet Letter,(1850),红字,The House of the Seven Gables (1851),七个尖角阁的房子,The,Blithedale,Romance (1852) ,福谷传奇,The Marble Faun (1860) ,玉石雕像,Short Story Collections,Twice-Told Tales (1837) ,故事重述,Mosses from an Old Manse (1846,),古屋青苔,Selected Short Stories,Young Goodman Brown,(1835) ,年轻小伙子布朗,The Ministers Black Veil (1836),牧师的黑面纱,The Birth-Mark,(1843) ,胎记,The Scarlet Letter,setting (time),:Middle of the seventeenth century,setting (place),:Boston, Massachusetts,protagonist,:Hester Prynne,major conflicts,:Hester,vs,her community;,Chillingworth,vs,Dimmesdale,;,Dimmesdales,inner conflict,；,Puritanism,vs,humanism,The Scarlet Letter,Hester Prynne,Arthur,Dimmesdale,Roger,Chillingworth,Symbolism,The symbolic meaning of the letter A,:,adulteryableangel,The symbolic meaning of names,: 1.Chillingworth is cold and inhuman,. 2. “Prynne” rhymes with “sin,”,3. “,Dimmesdale,” suggests “dimness”weakness, indeterminacy,4. Pearl: the treasure to her mother; Comes out of an ugly shell but is beautiful; Comes out of an torturing process,The symbolic meaning of prison and rosebush,:,Symbolic meaning of prison,the harshness of the Puritan society,the symbol for puritanical severity of law and the rigorous enforcement of law and the impossibility to break free of it,the authority of the regime,Symbolic meaning of rosebush,Passion- the passionate wilderness in the form of Hester Prynne; an aspect of nature that should be admired and not judged,Promise-good occurrences do emerge from bad situations,What makes SL a Masterpiece?,Its writing skills, a good narration,An encyclopedia of 17,th,century of America,The universal themes,The everlasting, philosophical and paradoxical issues discussed in the novel.,Emily Dickinson (1830-1886),An eventless life,Remain single all her life,1,800 poems altogether, but only 7 were published while she was alive,Themes:,death and immortality; nature; love; truth, beauty, etc,.,Emily Dickinson,Poems:,Im Nobody!,Because I could not stop for death,I heard a fly buzz-when I died,Hope,I died for beauty,A Long Narrow Fellow in the Grass,Over the Fence,Style,A:,Her poems,have no titles, hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of each poem.,B: particular stress pattern:,dash,“, ”,C:,Capital letters,as a means of emphasis;,D: Language: brief, direct, and plain;,E: Poem: short, always on,original,images or symbols,F: Short poetic lines, condensed by using intense,metaphors,and by extensive use of,ellipsis,.,Robert Frost (1874 -1963),The most popular 20th Century American Poet,A four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize,.,Robert Frost,Major poems:,Mending Wall,补墙,After Apple-Picking,摘苹果之后,Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ,雪夜林边小驻,The Road Not Taken,未选择的路,Fire and Ice,火与冰,Major Features of Frosts Poems,He was an essentially pastor