英语写作课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英语写作课件,提要,：本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从提高单句的写作能力着手，消灭各种类型的基本错误，从而提高整体的写作能力。,1. 标点错误,2. 用词混淆,3. 搭配问题,4. 漏词,5. 累赘,6. 不一致,7. 不平衡,8. 错位,9. 垂悬,10. 应用定语从句时易犯的错误,虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练，但是许多人写出的文章错误百出，其中包括基本的拼写、用词、时态、句子结构等方面的错误。这些错误的产生主要是因为受到母语的干扰。许多学生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差别，所以写出来的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异，明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰，从而消灭各种类型的基本错误。,实践表明，多数学生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。要提高写作的能力，必须从提高单句的写作能力着手。,6.1 标点错误,英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系,英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子，即英语句子是由必不可少的各种连接词衔接而成，宛如节节相连的竹子；而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”，所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。,英语是形合的，而汉语是意合的，这是中文和英文的最大区别。英语句子中如果少了连接词，如,or,，,but,，,if,，,so,，,because,，,when,，,although,，,in order that,，,so that,等等，所要表达的意思就会支离破碎，而汉语有时即便没有连接词，只从句子本身的意思也可以把概念或关系表达清楚。,例如，中文可以说“一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行”。,而英文要说“,An English man,who,could not speak Chinese,was,once traveling in China,”,又比如：“他笑了，我哭了”。英文不能说“,He laughed, I cried.,”,而要说“,He laughed,but,I cried.,”,这个例子是典型的标点错误，英语语法家称之为,comma splices(,接合,),，,翻译成中文就是“串句”。下面我们通过一些练习来提高英文标点符号的使用能力。,（,1,）,采用多种方法，例如增加,and,或,but,，,使用主从句、分词短语、不定式等改正下面的串句。,a.,考试推迟了，上课取消了。,误：,The exam was postponed, the class was cancelled.,正：,The exam was postponed,and,the class was cancelled.,As,the exam was postponed, the class was cancelled.,b.,雨下了整整一夜，天花板开始漏水。,误：,It rained all night, the ceiling began to leak.,正：,It rained all night,and,the ceiling began to leak.,The ceiling began to leak,because,it had rained all night.,The night-long rain caused the ceiling to leak.,c.,他举起一块石头，石头砸在他的脚上。,误：,He lifted a rock, it fell on his feet.,正：,He lifted a rock,but,it fell on his feet.,He lifted a rock,only to,drop it on his feet.,d.,售票处排起了长队，所有票子都已售完。,误：,Many people lined up at the ticket booth, all the tickets had been sold out.,正：,Many people lined up at the ticket booth,but,all the tickets had been sold out.,Many people lined up at the ticket booth,though,all the tickets had been sold out.,Many people lined up at the ticket booth,despite the fact that,all the tickets had been sold out.,（2）同样一句话，用了逗号，或者多用了一个逗号，或者逗号的位置不同，意思会完全改变。,a.,作者原来的意思是：,There were ten chairs in the room. Three of them were broken. The others were fine.,下面哪一句最符合原意：,(,i) The chairs, which were in bad condition, were sent out to be repaired.,(ii) The chairs which were in bad condition were sent out to be repaired.,(iii) The chairs, which were in bad condition were sent out to be repaired.,(iv) The chairs which were in bad condition, were sent out to be repaired.,正确选择应为,(,ii),。,如果选,(,i),，,则意味着所有椅子都坏了。,(,iii),和,(,iv),在语法上都不成立。,b.,请指出下面两个句子的意思有什么不同。,(,i) Although all their furniture was destroyed when their house burned down, most of Peters records, lectures, and speeches, were saved.,尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的唱片、讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。,(,ii) Although all their furniture was destroyed when their house burned down, most of Peters records, lectures and speeches, were saved.,尽管他们的房子被烧毁时，所有的家具都毁坏了，但是彼得大部分的资料，即讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。,（3）去掉多余的逗号。,a.,误：,The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse, and organized robbery.,正：,The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse and organized robbery.,b.,误：,He told me that he hoped to buy a new car, and to sell his old one.,正：,He told me that he hoped to buy a new car and to sell his old one.,c.,误：,His students, listened eagerly, busily taking down his words.,正：,His students listened eagerly, busily taking down his words.,d.,误：,A letter, that is written in pencil, is difficult to read.,正：,A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.,e.,误：,Indeed, overpopulation(,人口过剩,), a problem, most people have only recently begun to recognize, is the main source of the majority of our other ecological(,生态学,) difficulties.,正：,Indeed, overpopulation, a problem most people have only recently begun to recognize, is the main source of the majority of our other ecological difficulties.,f.,误：,Americans, who go to other countries, expecting the same air conditioning, ice water, and private baths, found in hotels in the United States, are often very poor ambassadors.,正：,Americans who go to other countries expecting the same air conditioning, ice water, and private baths found in hotels in the United States are often very poor ambassadors.,（4）增添必要的逗号，使句子变得完整。,误：,Robert entered the inn and ordered half a loaf of new bread some local butter some cheese a large onion and a pint of beer.,正：,Robert entered the inn and ordered half a loaf of new bread, some local butter, some cheese, a large onion, and a pint of beer.,b.,误：,He should or rather must attend better to his studies.,正：,He should, or rather must, attend better to his studies.,c.,误：,The lady was dressed in gray the color of a pigeons feathers.,正：,The lady was dressed in gray, the color of a pigeons feathers.,d.,误：,“,I do not know when he will come how he will come with whom he will come or whether he will come at all.”,正：,“,I do not know when he will come, how he will come, with whom he will come, or whether he will come at all.”,e.,误：,We do not have tell you the true a very good opinion of him.,正：,We do not have, tell you the true, a very good opinion of him.,（5）分号常用在两个或两个以上关系比较密切的分句之间。我们常常可以通过使用分号来代替串句中的逗号，就可以改正串句的错误。,a.,误：,One moment he was friendly the next he was indifferent(,漠不关心,).,正：,One moment he was friendly; the next he was indifferent.,b.,误：,He knew what he wanted however he did not know how to get it.,正：,He knew what he wanted; however he did not know how to get it.,c.,误：,You must work hard otherwise you will not pass the examination.,正：,You must work hard; otherwise you will not pass the examination.,d.,误：,There seemed no chance of coming to an agreement therefore it was decided to break off negotiations.,正：,There seemed no chance of coming to an agreement; therefore it was decided to break off negotiations.,（6）引号主要用于直接引语，但也可用于书名或用于要引起人们注意的单词或短语上。引号还分双引号和单引号，美国英文一般用双引号。请给序列句子添上引号，同时注意标上其他必要的符号，如逗号、句号、冒号、问号、惊叹号等。,a.,误：,How do you spell the word Renaissance(,复兴,),正：,How do you spell the word “Renaissance” ?,b.,误：,I know he said but I cant wait,正：,“,I know, ” he said, “but I cant wait. ”,c.,误：,After the lecture he had but one comment Useless,正：,After the lecture he had but one comment: “Useless. ”,d.,误：,Then addressing(,招呼,) me she said with enforced calmness My son is ill,正：,Then addressing me, she said, with enforced calmness: “My son is ill. ”,（7）请给下列句子添上撇号（省字号）。,a.Too many ands suggest immaturity of style.,Too many ands suggest immaturity of style.,b.How many As have you got in the terminal exams?,How many As have you got in the terminal exams?,c.Do you see Mr. Jones car over there?,Do you see Mr. Jones car over there?,d.Congreve seldom crossed his,ts, his 7s looked like 9s, and his ands were usually s.,Congreve seldom crossed his ts, his 7s looked like 9s, and his ands were usually s.,6.2 用词混淆,英文一些单词极易混淆。有的发音相似，甚至相同，但意义却完全不同；有的拼写大同小异，意思却大相径庭；有的貌似反义词，却是同义词。,（1）英文里有,3,对词（只有,3,对），表面上看绝对是反义词，意义上却是同义词。你能从下面,6,对词中找出这,3,对词吗？,flammable / inflammable,易燃的,(,同义词,),hinge / unhinge,装上铰链,/,取下铰链,(,反义词,),valuable / invaluable,宝贵的,(,同义词,),integrate / disintegrate,集成,/,分解,(,反义词,),furl / unfurl,卷起,/,铺开,(,反义词,),ravel / unravel,解开,(,同义词,),（2）下面是一些中国学生经常混淆的单词。请你指出下列各对单词在词义或用法上的差别。,the diseased / the deceased,病人,/,死人,illusion / delusion,幻想,/,错觉,attribute / contribute (,把某结果,),归因于,/,是,(,某结果的,),部分原因,complement / compliment,补充,/,恭维,council / counsel,委员会,/,忠告,credible / credulous,可信的,/,轻信的,human / humane,人的,/,人道的,moral / morale,道德,/,士气,proceed / precede,着手；继续进行,/,领先于,principle / principal,原则；原理,/,校长；主要的,incident / incidence,事件,/,死亡率；影响范围,capital / capitol,首都；资金,/,国会大厦,model / module,模型；模特儿,/,模块；登月舱,drive / driver,驱动,(,动词,),；驱动器,/,驱动器；驱动程序,assemble / assembly,组装；汇编,(,动词,) /,组件；汇编,(,名词,),（3）,下面每个句子中都有一个词用错了，请加以纠正,U. S. laws concerning the sell (,sale,) and consumption of alcohol may seem very liberal or very constraining to you, depending on your nationality.,In the United States, it is illegible (,illegal,) to purchase alcoholic drinks, including beer and wine, until you reach the age of 21.,Laws governing alcohol can variable (,vary,) from state to state.,For example, it is illegal in some states to walk along the street with an open contain (,container,) of beer.,In some states, alcoholic beverages can be purchased only in special, state-runned (,run,) stores.,Colleges and universities often have policies that refrain (,restrict,) the consumption of alcoholic beverages on campus.,6.3 搭配问题,英文中有许多动词需要与介词或副词搭配使用，例如,come,，,break,，,give,，,take,，,put,等等，如果要列出它们所有的搭配情况，那么可以构成一本厚厚的字典。这里，我们只是希望通过一些练习，引起学生对这种搭配问题的重视。,当我们强调注意动词与介词或副词搭配使用的时候，不要错误地认为所有动词都必须与介词或副词搭配使用。请做下面练习，每句话里都有,4,个动词，指出哪些动词不需要与介词或副词搭配，哪些动词需要搭配，并把介词或副词写出来。,a. Many passengers ( criticize; condemn; complain,about,; find fault,with,) the irregular bus services in the city.,b.Our teacher ( apologized,for,; referred,to,; regretted; explained ) his absence yesterday.,c.Nobody is (objecting,to,; opposing; resisting; interfering,with,) the scheme to close down the factory.,d.The man next door is ( paying,for,; purchasing; disposing,of,; saving up,for,) a second-hand car.,e. My room-mate ( insists,on,; enjoys; persists,in,; hates ) getting up early.,f.His collection of records ( includes; consists,of,; comprises; covers ) jazz, blues, and raps.,g. The opposition intends to ( accept; agree,to,; dissent,from,; modify ) the new proposal.,h. Marys aunt was ( warned,about,; punished,for,; advised,against,; caught ) exceeding the speed limit.,i.The man ( depended,on,; confessed,to,; considered; specialized,in,) stealing for a living.,6.4 漏词,该搭配使用的动词没有使用介词或副词，可以看作是一种漏词现象。除此之外，还表现在许多地方。有的学生写的英文句子，甚至连主语都没有。例如，“讲座后开了个讨论会”被翻译成“,After the lecture held a discussion.,”,正确的说法应该是“,After the lecture a discussion was held.,”,下面的句子都有漏词现象，请你加以改正。,It is said that a persons childhood,years,are the most important years in a persons life.,I dare say most people agree,with,the above statement.,In my opinion,the,most important years in a persons life are,those of,early adulthood.,In this period, a person experiences the most important stages in his life: higher education, love,and,marriage.,Many things will depend on,his,education background - what occupation,he,can take up, how much money,he,can earn, what kind of life,he,will lead and so on.,Only when they come,of,age(,成年,),will,they understand the true meaning of life, experience real joys and sorrows,and,begin to assume their responsibilities in family and society.,Modern science has made it possible,for,babies to grow healthily and,for,people to live longer.,6.5累赘,中文有时为了表达强调或情感等意思，常常将一些句子或字加以重复，或者稍作改变。而英文则比较简洁。请将下面的中英文句子作一个对比：,中文：年轻人应该向老年人学习，老年人也应该向年轻人学习。,英文：,The young should learn from the old and vice versa.,中文：我们要学习，学习，再学习。,英文：,We must keep studying.,或,We must study persistently.,下面划线的部分表示用词重复，请改进这些句子，使它们变得简洁明了。,a.,原句：,The speaker was the chairman,of,the Department,of,Physics,of,Tulane University.,改为：,The speaker was the chairman of Tulane Universitys Department of Physics.,b.,原句：,I offered the tickets,to,the concert,to,the students,to,use on Saturday.,改为：,I offered the students tickets to Saturdays concert.,c.,原句：,Speech is silver,and silence is,gold.,改为：,Speech is silver and silence gold.,d.,原句：,Her hair is light brown,and her eyes are,bluish green.,改为：,Her hair is light brown and her eyes bluish green.,e.,原句：,Some lawyers are arrogant(,傲慢的,),and some lawyers are,simply reserved(,沉默寡言的,).,改为：,Some lawyers are arrogant and others simply reserved.,原句：,For some students beer drinking has become a way of life,and other students drink beer in order to,escape.,改为：,For some students beer drinking has become a way of life, and for others a means of escape.,g.,原句：,Go ahead if you think the job suits you,and dont go ahead if you dont think the job suits you,.,改为：,Go ahead if you think the job suits you and dont if not.,h.,原句：,Dogs often chase(,追赶,) cats,and cats not usually chase dogs,.,改为：,Dogs often chase cats and not usually vice versa.,原句：,The machine is working when the red light is on,and the machine is not working when the red light is off,.,改为：,The machine is working when the red light is on and not otherwise.,j.,原句：,For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need,.,改为：,The diligent and kind people use money only to buy what they need.,k.,原句：,In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.,改为：,In spite of his laziness, I like him.,6.6 不一致,英文句子的前后呼应是一个重要的问题，表现在主语和谓语、主格和宾格、单数和复数、时态一致等方面。如果出了差错，不仅仅是语法问题，而且很容易造成意思上的误解。例如，,people,后面跟,have,是指“人民”，后面跟,has,，,则指的是“民族”。“,Each people have,its own culture.,”,由于不注意这个问题，这个句子就让人无法理解。,下面的句子都是用词前后不一致的病句，请加以改正。,a.Once one have (has) money, he can do what he want (wants) (to do).,b.Riding the horse,was,(were) the two girls, Valerie and Therese.,c.She took advantage of anyone or anything,who or which,(that) could further her career.,d. Deciding that they could reach no decision that night, the jury retired to,its,(their) rooms to get some sleep.,e.The foreman(,工头,) shouted at both of us, Peter and,I,(me), before we had a chance to explain.,f. It took them one and a half,day,(days) to complete the work.,g.He hurried because he knew his family was (were) waiting for him anxiously.,h. The United States Department of Agriculture,supervise,(supervises) the quality, cleanness, and purity of meat.,i.The term “technology” refers to the discoveries and inventions that help people improve,its,(their) way of life.,j.The ability to retain a mental record of earlier experiences,are,(is) referred to as memory.,k.Every year Colorado is visited by millions of tourists who come for a variety of reason (reasons).,l.Countries tend to specialize in the production and export of those goods and services that,it,(they) can produce relatively cheaply.,m.Turkey and dressing,are,(is) a popular dish at Thanks-giving.,n.In the new building there,are,(is) a library, which has no books, and a music practice room, which has no musical instruments.,o.Roy is the only one of our athletes who,have,(has) won a gold medal.,p.This habit, which in itself,are,(is) harmless, are (is) likely to lead to others that,is,(are) decidedly harmful.,6.7,不平衡,如果在英文句子中有两个或两个以上的平行成分，那么这些成分应该保持平衡。例如，你想表达下述意思：“她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。”在中文中“漂亮”和“温柔”是形容词，而“勤俭持家”却是动词短语。写成英文，最好使用三个平行的形容词：,She is pretty, tender, and thrifty(,节约的,),，而不要像中文那样写成：,She is pretty, tender, and manages the household thriftily,。,请修改下面的句子，使它们的结构保持平衡。,a.,原句：,To swim in a pool is not as much fun as swimming in a river.,改为：,Swimming,in a pool is not as much fun as (swimming) in a river.,b.,原句：,Knowing how to study and learn to budget time are important to college students.,改为：,Knowing how to study and,learning how,to budget time are important to college students,c.,原句：,Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and to avoid sugar in your diet.,改为：,Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and,avoiding,sugar in your diet.,d.,原句：,My orders said that I was assigned to Alaska and I should leave within two weeks.,改为：,My orders said that I was assigned to Alaska and,that,I should leave within two weeks.,e.,原句：,We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil, but he knew very little about his own country.,改为：,We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil,but who,knew very little about his own country.,f.,原句：,Our instructor suggested several books for supplementary reading and that we should do research on the subject.,改为：,Our instructor suggested,that we read several supplementary books,and that we should do research on the subject.,6.8,错位,英文句子的每个成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语合状语，应在句子中占有正确的位置。如果放错了位置，那么这个句子不仅是个病句，而且很可能造成意思上的误解。中文则不同，词序有较大的灵活性。例如，我不吃羊肉,/,羊肉我不吃,/,我羊肉不吃，在中文里面都是正确的，大家都能理解。但是，用英文表达，恐怕只能说,I dont eat mutton,，绝对不能说,I mutton dont eat,。,a.,误：,Ralph Nader has throughout our country become a well known name.,正：,Ralph Nader has become a well known name,throughout our country,.,b.,误：,He is prone(,倾向于,) to whenever he senses a danger to the public speak out(,大胆地说,),on consumer goods.,正：,He is prone to speak out on consumer goods,whenever he senses a danger to the public,.,c.,误：,Nader thinks that the automobile is both unsafe to the occupants of the car and to the general public.,正：,Nader thinks that the automobile is unsafe,both,to the occupants of the car and to the general public.,d.,误：,Partly through his efforts safety devices ware installed in cars such as seat belts.,正：,Partly through his efforts safety devices,such as seat belts,ware installed in cars.,e.,误：,Naders concern has been the automobile as a major air polluter lately.,正：,Naders concern has,lately,been the automobile as a major air polluter.,或者,Naders,recent,concern has been the automobile as a major air polluter.,f.,误：,According to Nader, the technology is available for the production of automobiles that are both efficient and pollution-free now.,正：,According to Nader, the technology is available,now,for the production of automobiles that are both efficient and pollution-free.,g.,误：,Nader claims that facts are being suppressed about the technology available for improving automobiles by the industry and by the government.,正：,Nader claims that facts are being suppressed,by the industry and by the government,about the technology available for improving automobiles.,h.,误：,Nader says that todays gasoline produce five major pollutants which are labeled “clean”.,正：,Nader says that todays,gasolines,which are labeled “clean”,produce five major pollutants.,i.,误：,I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.,正：,I believe I can do it well and I will know the world outside the campus,better,.,6.9,垂悬,中国人可以这样说：“打了一小时篮球，胳膊都酸了。”英文却不能说：,Having played basketball for an hour, my arms began to ache,，因为按照英文语法，这个句子会被误解为打篮球的是胳膊，而不是你这个人。这种错误称为悬垂，它是指句首的分词短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清，找不到行为者，只好“晃来晃去”。,请改正下列句子的垂悬错误。,a.,误：,At the age of six months, her father taught her to swim.,正：,When she was six months old, her father taught her to swim.,b.,误：,Going through the red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him.,正：,Going through the red light, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty.,c.,误：,After three hours of practice, a drink was what the thirsty dancers wanted.,正：,Having practiced for three hours, the thirsty dancers wanted a drink.,d.,误：,Once out of the practice room, the piping music no longer gave him a headache.,正：,Once he got out of the practice room, the piping music no longer gave him a headache.,e.,误：,After four weeks at sea, my wife was happy to see me back.,正：,After four weeks at sea, I was affectionately(,亲切地,) received by my wife.,f.,误：,Examining the shopping receipts, it became obvious that I was overcharged at the store.,正：,After I examined the shopping receipts, it became obvious that I was overcharged at the store.,g.,误：,Finding nobody waiting at the stop, the bus drove on without stopping.,正：,Finding nobody waiting at the stop, the driver drove the bus on without stopping.,h.,误：,Approaching the lake, an amazing sight came into view.,正：,As we approached the lake, an amazing sight came into view.,i.,误：,To do well in the college, good grades are essential.,正：,To do well in the college, a student needs good grades.,6.10,应用定语从句时易犯的错误,由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：,（,1,）在定语从句中加了多余的宾语。如：,a.,误：,Some of the boys I invited,them,didnt come.,正：,Some of the boys I invited didnt come.,b.,误：,The book that you need,it,is in the library.,正：,The book that you need is in the library.,（,2,）把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：,a.,误：,Anyone who,break,the law will be punished.,正：,Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.,b.,误：,Those who,has,finished may go home.,正：,Those who have finished may go home.,c.,误：,He is the only one of the