英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Translation of discourse,英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略,1,Translation of discourse,What is the discourse?,Discourse,means either written or spoken communication. The term is often used in,semantics,and,discourse analysis,.,2,汉语定义,篇章（,text,）是表达整体概念的语义单位,。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，,而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。,（陈宏薇）,篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。,（王治奎）,3,篇章特征,篇章它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。,语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。,4,（一）,A Comparison Between Chinese Discourse and English Discourse,1.The Similarities,1.1 Cohesion (,衔接）,(cohesive devices),It concerns how the actual words we hear or see are mutually connected within a sequence.,（,词汇上的衔接关系,）,5,1.2 Coherence,（连贯性）,(coherent),It concerns the ways in which the components of the textual word are mutually accessible and relevant. (distribute knowledge or attain a object),（,意义上的内在联系,）,6,2. The Differences,2.1 Chinese Discourse,Inductive,（,归纳性的,） ,Spiral,English Discourse,Deductive,（,演绎性的,）,Straight,7,他出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地方，他还有这样的母亲，这些要是让他知道的话，,他会多么丢人,。,He knew how ashamed he would have been,if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.,8,2.2 Parataxis VS Hypotaxis,Chinese discourse -parataxis(,意合）,English discourse-Hypotaxis (,形合）,Example(1),牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。,Translation: Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.,9,2.3 Subject consciousness VS Object consciousness,Chinese discourse-Subject consciousness(,主体意识）,-person as subject,（主语）,English discourse-Object consciousness,（客体意识）,-Thing as subject,10,General principles,英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时，一般可以采用,“,临摹,”,的办法，按照源语的发展思路，在译语中复制或基本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作,“,逻辑顺组,”,（,logic copying,）,。,由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式，逻辑层次等方面存在很大的差异，汉英互译时往往需要进行,“,逻辑重组,”,(logic reshuffling),11,(,二）衔接与连贯,(cohesion and coherence ),1 cohesion,Halliday & Hasan,在,Cohesion in English,中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类,12,照应,reference,替代,substitution,省略,ellipsis,词汇衔接,lexical cohesion,连接,conjunction,13,1.1 reference (,照应）,Personal reference (,人称照应）,人称照应是通过人称代词,(,如,they, she, him,等）、所属限定词（如,his, your, its,等）,和所属代词（,hers, theirs,，,mine,等）和冠词指示代词来实现。,英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。,14,为了衔接紧密增译代词和冠词,孔乙己是站着,喝酒,而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。（,孔乙己,）,Kong was,the,only long-gowned customer to drink,his,wine standing. He was,a,big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among,the,wrinkles of,his,face.,He,had a large unkempt beard, streaked with white. Although,he,wore,a,long gown,it,was dirty and tattered,and,looked as if,it,had not been washed or mended for over ten years. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang),15,每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户户开始,“,谢年,”,：祀祖先。,16,Every year after the 20,th,of the lunar 12,th,month, inhabitants on the island would start,their,countdown on the Spring Festival.,They,would sweep,their,houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that,they,begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25,th,and 26,th,of the month, households start,their,“,New Year Thanks-giving,”,rites to pay homage to,their,ancestors.,17,1.2 Substitution (,替代）,Substitution could be found in Chinese language and English Language, but comparatively, it is used more frequently in English Language.,18,甲：玛丽,学,近代文学，不,学,近代语言学。,乙,:,她学近代历史么？,A,：,Mary,studies,modern literature and doesn,t,do,modern linguistics.,B,：,Does she,do,modern history?,19,1.3 ellipsis,Chinese -repetition,English-ellipsis,近,朱者赤，,近,墨者黑。,Association,with,the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.,20,阅读,训练,人的眼睛，说话,训练,人的口齿，写作,训练,人的思维。,Reading exercises one,s eyes; speaking , one,s tongue; while writing, one,s mind.,21,1.4 lexical cohesion (,词汇衔接）,Chinese- lexical repetition,（词汇重复）,English-Semantic repetition,（语义重复,or relative pronoun,）,22,1,）,每年有,2000,多个等待,器官,移植的病人濒于死亡,（人体）,器官,的短缺非常严重。,More than 2,，,000 patients are dying annually while waiting for,transplant,The shortage of,organs,is so serious,23,2),这个时候,他来了，而,这时,我根本想不到他会来。,He came at a time,when,I least expected him.,3),那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分人呆在家里。,It was one of those cold, wet evenings,when,most people stay indoors.,24,1.5 conjunction,连接成分本身就具有明确含义，通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词语，,“,人们可以了解子句之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。（,胡壮麟，,1994,：,92,）,25,表示递进关系,：,also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more,表示因果关系,：,because, for. For this reason. Since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, consequently, of course, accordingly,表示文章意义的转折或对比,：,although, however, on the contrary, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact,26,表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：,first, second, third,after this/that, meanwhile, suddenly, and so on, then, before, next, formerly, later, finally in the end, at last,表示列举：,firstly, secondly, for one thing, for another; first of all, to begin with, then, last , in conclusion, last of all, to conclude,表示举例、解释：,for example, for instance, that is, namely, to illustrate,表示总结：,in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize,27,本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受，一种到家的感觉。,28,It has been more than 20 years,since,I started my career in Hong Kong,where,I have weathered through various hardships . My modest achievements in business also go along with multitudinous pains and tears.,As a result, every time,when,I return to my hometown,where,I am given warm receptions by the local government leaders, my heart will be over flown with tenderness and affection,for,it gives me a feeling of home.,29,Reference,指称,2)Reference is greatly encouraged to use in English discourse. But it is seldom adopted in Chinese discourse.,他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。,He put,his,hands into,his,pockets and then shrugged,his,shoulders.,30,名落孙山,孙山，滑稽才子也。赴举时，乡人托以子偕往。榜发，乡人子失意，山缀榜先归。乡人问其子得失，山曰：,“,解名尽处是孙山，贤郎更在山外。,”,31,名落孙山：,A name after the last one on the list.,孙山，滑稽才子也,: Sunshan was a talented scholar known for his sense of humour,赴举时，乡人托以子偕往,: Sunshan was about to set off to sit for an imperial civil examination at the country level when a villager came to ask him to accompany with his son who was leaving for the same purpose.,32,榜发，乡人子失意，山缀榜先归。,When the list of successful candidates was published/ made public, the villager,s son turned out a failure, and Sunshan,s name was, by good fortune, the last one on the list, Sunshan first hurried home with glad news.,乡人问其子的失，山曰,The villager was extremely anxious and asked him about his son,s fortune. Sun replied suggestively in verse.,33,解名尽处是孙山，贤郎更在孙山外。,”,Sun Shan is at the end of the name-list, your worthy son comes after Sunsan.,34,（三）,Translation Techniques,1,）如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。（,2,）在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。（,3,）平日，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈。（,4,）而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了。（,5,）在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长。（,6,）你也可以依随自己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。（,7,）静静地听一段音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。（,8,）这些，无一不是人生的快乐。,35,1,）如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。,（,1,）,When loneliness comes over you as a result of too much thinking, a favorite book will ease your mind and broaden your horizons.,点评,：,shift of perspective(,视角转化）, combination,（合并,),amplification(,增词）,36,2,）在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。,Reading a good book is like having a fireside chat with a close friend.,点评,：,37,（,3,）平日，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈,At other times you may be so occupied with work or social intercourse as to have no time for books.,点评,：,38,4,）而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了（,5,）在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长,Then you can peacefully listen to wise men of all times, enriching yourself with their ideas and enlarging your stock of knowledge,点评,：,39,6,）你也可以依随自己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。（,7,）静静地听一段音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。,6,）,Or you can do other things to suit your taste: enjoy a piece of music, attentively draw a picture or arrange Chinese chess pieces for a near-end game. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those now far away.,点评,：,40,8,）这些，无一不是人生的快乐,Isn,t any one of these a real pleasure in life?,点评,41,