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,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Bill of Rights (1689),To exclude any Roman catholic from the succession;,To confirm the principle of parliamentary supremacy,To guarantee free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons.,Constitutional monarchy: a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament,The Rise and Fall,of the British Empire (1688 1990),Whigs and Tories,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,The Whigs and the Tories were the earliest political parties in England whose names originated with the Glorious Revolution.,Whigs = cattle drivers,Tories = thugs,Whigs and Tories,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Whigs,opposed absolute monarchy, supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists,Tories,supported hereditary monarchy,reluctant to remove kings,Whigs and Tories,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,In the mid-19,th,century the Whigs formed a coa1ition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.,Whigs and Tories,The Rise and Fall,of the British Empire (1688 1990),Agricultural Changes,in the Late 18,th,Century,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Agricultural changes in the late 18,th,and early 19,th,centuries were indeed so great that they merit the term “revolution”.,Agricultural Changes,Traditional farming,=,open field village,(dated to 5,th,Century),Villages were surrounded by 3 great hedgeless fields which centred all the arable land. These fields were divided into strips shared out among the villagers. Each familys land was scattered about, so good land was fairly distributed. Much was done on a community basis. One great field left “fallow” each year so that its soil recovered its richness after 2 years cultivation. This meant only 2/3 of the land was cultivated at any time. In addition to the fields there were commons and wastelands used by all villagers to graze livestock.,Open Field Village,This system was an ideal basis for the simple community life of the countryside and,subsistence farming,before the modern industrial age.,subsistence farming:,Subsistence farming in agriculture is the growth of crops predominantly for self consumption. Farmers focus on growing food and keeping animals to feed their families rather than growing crops for sale. This kind of farming reduces the cost and expenses of a household.,Open Field Village,Drawbacks,l. It wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths.,2. It was wasteful of labour and time.,3. Livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. Winter feed was rarely enough, so animals were usually killed in autumn and their meat was salted.,4. The open field system was a barrier to experiments.,Open Field Village,In the mid-18,th,century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18,th,and early 19,th,centuries the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields.,Enclosure,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,crop rotation,(the successive planting of different crops on the same land to improve soil fertility and help control insects and diseases),land could be fully used while the cultivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months,Agricultural Changes,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,artificial fertilizer,new agricultural machinery,(e. g. seed drill),made arable farming more efficient and more profitable,selective breeding of cattle, sheep, horses,Animals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before.,Agricultural Changes,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke (1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George III was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nickname “Farmer George”.,Agricultural Changes,“Farmer George”,George III ,the king who lost America,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century when war against France meant high food priceswar was an incentive to landlords to enclose land.,Enclosure,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,l. Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small.,2. More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied.,Results of Agricultural Enclosure,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,3. Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World.,Results of Agricultural Enclosure,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,4. A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agricultures new prosperity.,Results of Agricultural Enclosure,The Rise and Fall,of the British Empire (1688 1990),The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830),English Speaking Countries Unit 5,The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18,th,and early 19,th,centuries.,The Industrial Revolution,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,1. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.,2. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17,th,century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization.,Factors of Industrial Revolution,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,3. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.,4. It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.,Factors of Industrial Revolution,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,5. Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.,6. British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.,7. The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.,Factors of Industrial Revolution,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,8. Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.,9. England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.,Factors of Industrial Revolution,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,10. The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.,Factors of Industrial Revolution,Inventions,Name,Invention,Date,JohnKay,flyingshuttle,飞梭,1733,JamesHargreaves,spinningjenny,珍妮纺纱,1766,RichardArkwright,Waterframe,水力纺纱,1769,SamuelCrompton,Mule,骡机,1779,EdmundCartwright,powerloom,动力织机,1784,Thomas Newcomer,steam engine,End of 17,th,Century,James Watt,steam engine (modified),1765,Name,Invention,Date,Result,Abraham Darby,Smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal,1709,Increased production of iron which was used for machinery, railways and shipping,Henry Court,Puddling and rolling processes,1784,Increased quantities of high-quality iron to replace wood and stone,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “,workshop of the world,”; no other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production. Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.,Impact of Industrial Revolution,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,The north of England, until the 18,th,century a backward region, was now the most advanced in Britain; mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it.,Impact of Industrial Revolution,The working men worked and lived in appalling conditions (e. g. the workers in factories were treated badly, working 15 hour days in poor light and deafening noise.). “Luddites” supposedly led by Ned Ludd attempted to destroy the hated machines, but were severely punished by the government. The Industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.,Impact of Industrial Revolution,Queen Victoria,Alexandrina Victoria,24 May 1819 22 January 1901,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Grandmother of Europe,。,维多利亚女王的后代很多都与欧洲各国的王室成员联姻：维多利亚长公主成为德国腓特烈三世的皇后，她的一个儿子就是发动第一次世界大战的德国皇帝威廉二世，一个女儿是希腊王后；第二个孩子是后来即位的英国国王爱德华七世，他的一个女儿是挪威国王哈康七世的王后；第三个孩子爱丽丝成为德国西南黑森亲王路易四世的王妃，她的一个女儿是沙皇俄国末代沙皇尼古拉二世的皇后，另一个女儿是英国女王伊莉莎白二世丈夫菲利普亲王的外祖母；另外三个女儿其中两个是德国南部巴登堡和德国北部石勒苏益格,荷尔斯泰因亲王的王妃。还有一个嫁给苏格兰的一位公爵，后来成为加拿大的总督。而儿子们则都是娶了丹麦、俄国和德国各地的公主、郡主们为妻。正因如此，维多利亚女王又被称为,欧洲的祖母,。女王在世时，曾有一张和这些著名的孙子辈亲戚们的全家福合影，更有趣的是第一次世界大战实际是在这些亲戚们之间打起来的。,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,A popular saying of the time was,that the sun never set on the British Empire, which was so vast. The Victorian Age was marked by a great sense of confidence stemming from the countrys supreme position in world affairs.,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Her reign of 63 years and seven months, which had been longer than that of any other British monarch and the longest of any female monarch in history, is known as the,Victorian era,. (Now Elizabeth II has broken her record.) It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.,She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover. Her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to,the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father.,Ehrenburg Palace,Hall in Ehrenburg,Victorian style,Interior Decoration,Romanesque architecture,The Rise and Fall,of the British Empire (1688 1990),The Chartist Movement (1836-1848),1.,Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.,In the 18th and 19,th,centuries the Lords had far more influence than it has today and the Commons were also really “gentry” on edge of aristocracy. Most important ministers were,“peers”,(aristocrats and bishops of Church). The Commons were elected only by a very small proportion of the population. The vote was a privilege for a small number of male citizens. No females were allowed to vote in national elections,before 1918,. Members of Parliament were,not paid,.,Reasons for Parliamentary Reform,2.,Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.,Today the country is split into equal sized units for voting. In the 19,th,century there were county and borough seats. In counties all with property worth 40 shillings per annum could vote and 2 members of Parliament were elected. Borough voting rights varied. The system had not changed since it began, yet location of most population had. Big new cities like Manchester had no seats. Some deserted Southern villages still had 2 each. The Southwest contributed a quarter of all members of Parliament. It was over represented.,Reasons for Parliamentary Reform,3.,There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.,Rotten boroughs had been busy market towns, and now were deserted, but they could still elect MPs. In pocket boroughs, elections were not won by political views but by influence.,At that time, there was no secret ba1lot. Votes were recorded in poll-books for all to see. Candidates could buy off or bully voters. So some voters were already so intimidated by the great local landowners that even before the election the seat was already “in his pocket”.,Reasons for Parliamentary Reform,Chartist Meeting,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that took place in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Mens Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the Peoples Charter) in 1838.,The Chartist Movement,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,1. The vote for all adult males,2. Voting by secret ballot,3. Equal electoral districts,4. Abolition of property qualifications for MPs,5. Payment of MPs,6. Annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June,Peoples Charter,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Support for these 6 demands was loudly voiced at meetings held both by day and night all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press the Parliament to accept the 6 points. But the Parliament rejected them three times. In the end, the movement failed.,The Chartist Movement,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory.,The Chartist Movement,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the 6,th,has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was “,the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement,”.,The Chartist Movement,The Rise and Fall,of the British Empire (1688 1990),Colonial Expansion,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britains control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18,th,and the early 19,th,centuries.,Colonial Expansion,British Empire,British Empire,The Growth of Dominions,Canada,Event,Time,Result,Seven Years War between Britain & France,1756-1763,Canada ceded to Britain,Quebec Act,1774,French rights guaranteed,Canada Act,1791,Canada divided into Upper & Lower Canadas,British North America Act,1867,Canada established as dominion,The Growth of Dominions,Australia,Event,Time,Result,Australia discovered by Dutch,early 1600s,Botany Bay discovered by James Cook,1770,East coast claimed for Britain, named New South Wales,Convicts transported to Australia,1788,Free settlement,1816,Gold rushes,1851-1892,Commonwealth of Australia,1901,The Growth of Dominions,New Zealand,Event,Time,Result,Settled by Maoris,14,th,century,Sighted by Abel Tasman,1642,Named for Netherlands province of Zeeland,Claimed for England by James Cook,1770s,Missionaries,19,th,century,Treaty of Waitangi,1840,Separate colony,1841,Self-government,1852,Dominion under British Crown,1907,Completely independent,1931,The Conquest of India,Event,Time,Result,British India Company,1600,Economic penetration,India Act,1784,“Board of Control” established to supervise BIC,Conquest of India almost completed,1819,Mutiny of native troops of Bengal army,1857,Control of India passed to British Crown,Queen Victoria became Empress of India,1877,The Scramble for Africa,South Africa,Event,Time,Cape Town established by Dutch,1652,Cape Colony,18,th,century,Britain took Cape Colony to protect route to India,1806,Netherlands recognized British action,1814,British settlers increased,1820s,Great Trek,1835-1836,Boer War,1899-1902,Transvaal and Orange Free State became British colonies,1902,Union of South Africa,1910,Suez Canal,The Scramble for Africa,Event,Time,9/10 of Africa colonized,By 1900,A treaty signed to conduct the scramble,1885,Britain bought almost all remaining Suez Canal shares from Egyptian ruler,1875,Egyptian revolt,1882,Britain crushed revolt and occupied Egypt,1882-1914,Joint Anglo-Egyptian rule,1899,Aggression Against China,Event,Time,Result,China banned opium trade,1799,Britain began to smuggle opium,1830s,Lin Zexu burnt opium at Canton,1839,Aggression Against China / First Opium War,1840,Treaty of Nanking,1842,1) Hongkong ceded to Britain,2) 5 ports opened,3),6 million war indemnity,Second Opium War,1856-1858,Treaty of Tianjin,1858,11 ports opened,English Speaking Countries Unit 5,By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “,on which the sun never set,”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the worlds population and area.,Colonial Expansion,
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