上、中、下中国人民银行

Click To Edit Master Title Style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,更广泛的信息共享有助于扩大信贷,Broader information sharing expands credit,获得贷款的申请者的百分比,P,ercent of Applicants who Obtain a Loan,39.8,74.8,Negative only,Positive and,negative info,89%,increase in,approval rate,75.4,83.4,Bank,information,only,Bank and other,Lender information,11%,increase in,approval rate,如果只根据负面信息进行评估，每,10,万名贷款申请者中将会,流失,3.5,万,名潜在优质客户,Out of 100,000 Applicants,35,000,potential good customers are,lost,if assessment is based on negative info only.,贷款批准率上升,89%,贷款批准率上升,11%,只使用负面信息,使用正面和负面信息,只有来自银行的信息,有来自银行和其它贷款人的信息,来源：,Barron and Staten (2000).,数据显示了在目标违约率为,3%,时，所模拟的信贷可获得性,Source,:,Barron and Staten (2000).,Figure shows the simulated credit availability assuming a target default rate of 3%.,哪些是“无法评分”的客户,Who are the unscoreables?,贫穷的消费者、非正规经济、微型企业,Poor consumers, informal economy, micro businesses,他们用现金支付，“信用记录”很单薄甚至根本就没有,They pay cash, have a “thin-credit history” or “no history” at all,在美国，大约有,35005400,万人口尚未纳入征信体系,In the US approx. 35-54 million remain outside the credit system,“,非传统”数据的重要性：为“无法评分”的客户评分,The importance of “Non-traditional” data: Scoring the “unscoreables”,“非传统”,/”,替代性”数据来自哪里？,What are the sources of “Non-Traditional”/“Alternative” data?,电信公司、公用事业机构、有线电视、保险公司等,Telcos, Utilities, Cable TV, insurance, etc,对这些款项支付的及时性可作为有效的风险指标，以及建立信用记录的快捷方式,Regularity on these payments is a good risk indicator, and a shortcut to build a credit history,但是，因为规制方面的限制或者缺少信息共享的法律依据，征信局一般无法收集到这类数据,However this data rarely reaches the CBs because of regulatory hurdles or lack of legislation regulating its sharing,在巴西，新的征信法将允许共享非传统数据,In Brazil the new CB law project allows the sharing of non traditional data,* 来源：,2007,年,2,月,17,日,经济学人,Source: The Economist February 17 2007,“ 移动电话支付总额在,2008,年（*）将从,32,亿美元攀升至,370,亿美元,到,2010,年，仅在中国,/,印度就会有,12,亿部手机,Mobile phone payments will climb from $ 3.2 to $37 billion in 2008(*)By 2010 more than 1.2 billion handsets in China / India only”,支付系统中的新赢家：移动电话,New winner emerging among,payment systems: the mobile phone,2,“,非传统数据”增加了信贷的渗透率,“,Non traditional data” increases credit penetration,来源：,2006,年，国际政治与经济风险咨询公司,放贷给应得到信贷的人,Source: PERC, “Give Credit Where Credit Is Due”, 2006,替代性（非传统）数据对贷款批准率的影响,Impact of alternative data on acceptance rates,示例：根据目标逾期率确定的贷款批准率（,VantageScore,评分模型）,与公用事业机构有交易的个人,与电信公司有交易的个人,贷款逾期率,含公用事业付费信息（,#1,）,不含公用事业付费信息（,#2,）,含电信付费信息（,#1,）,不含电信付费信息（,#2,）,替代性数据对逾期的影响,Impact of alternative data on delinquencies,“,非传统数据”减少了不良贷款,“,Non traditional data” decreases non performing loans,示例：根据目标贷款批准率分类的严重逾期（,VantageScore,评分模式）,与公用事业机构有交易的个人,与电信公司有交易的个人,贷款批准比例,含公用事业,付费信息（,#1,）,不含公用事业付,费信息（,#2,）,含电信付费信息（,#1,）,不含电信付费信息（,#2,）,来源：,2006,年国际政治与经济风险咨询公司,放贷给应得到信贷的人,Source: PERC, “Give Credit Where Credit Is Due”, 2006,5,私营征信机构的主要发展领域,Main areas of development for private credit bureaus,5%,5%,5%,10%,17%,17%,32%,0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,Marketing & customer service,Include more data sources,Quality control,Technology upgrades,Improve legal environment,Expand types of information distributed,Value-added services,5,增值服务,增加所发布信息的类型,改善法律环境,技术升级,质量控制,吸引更多数据来源,市场营销和客户服务,来源：世界银行,2006,年全球投资环境报告,Source: Doing Business 2006,新兴市场国家发展私营征信机构所面临的挑战,Challenges in developing a private credit bureau in emerging markets,数据质量和征信机构的作用,Data quality and role of credit bureaus,颁布适当的法律法规，支持私营征信机构的成长,Enact appropriate laws and regulations to support growth of PCBs,确保消费者权利和数据保护：教育消费者，保护个人的权利,Ensure consumer rights and data protection: Educate consumers and protect their rights,进行适当监管，制定行为守则,Provide for proper supervision and codes of conduct,改变观念，提高认识,Change perceptions and build awareness,获得客户信任,Build trust,说服贷款人共享正面信息,Persuade lenders to share positive information,确保征信机构在小国家的商业生存能力,Ensure commercial viability in smaller countries,3,.,公立与私营是竞争关系,真的是这样吗？,Public vs Private Really?,较难获得贷款、需要很多担保品、信贷配给问题严重,Credit is limited, collateralized and selective,贷款申请被拒绝的比例非常高,Rejection rates are extremely high.,.但坏账比例也一样高，特别是在消费信贷方面,but so is bad debt rate, particularly for consumer credit,盈利性低，特别是公立银行，而且系统脆弱,Profitability is weak, risible for public banks, and the system is vulnerable,最高端客户的风险最高,The most affluent customers represent the poorest risk,而最优质的客户（中等收入者）却遭到不公平的待遇,While the best customers (medium income) are penalized,显而易见，这个系统急需征信机构,Clearly a system that needed Credit Bureaus!,摩洛哥：央行（,BAM,）所面临的问题,Morocco: a problem for the Central Bank (BAM),“,原有制度体系”：,2006,年摩洛哥的征信状况,The,“Ancien Regime”: credit reporting situation in Morocco in 2006,风险,Risks:,信用信息共享体制是分割的，缺乏长期愿景，存在地盘之争,Fragmentation of information sharing initiatives, lack of long term vision; turf battles;,主要贷款人不愿意共享信息（更不用说正面信息！）,Reluctance of key lenders to share information (let alone positive information);,涉及所有利益相关人（贷款人、借款人）的规制框架不明确,Uncertain regulatory framework for all stakeholders (lenders, borrowers);,摩洛哥央行计划扩大其信贷登记，不设定最低贷款额门槛，将所有贷款都纳入进来（威胁将来私营征信机构的生存空间）,BAMs plans to expand its Credit Registry to include all loans without minimum threshold (crowding-out of any future private initiative),“,原有制度体系”：,2006,年摩洛哥的征信状况（续）,The “Ancien Regime”: credit reporting situation in Morocco in 2006(Contd),机遇,Opportunities:,摩洛哥央行享有较高声誉，并且是所有金融机构的监管者，因此，它是唯一能够推动整个进程，创建一个有利于征信的商业环境的机构,BAMs reputation and as supervisor/regulator of all Financial Institutions the only player who could drive the process and create an enabling business environment for credit reporting;,有多方力量在推动征信体系的发展（在法语国家中比较少见）,Country dynamism with various initiatives (uncommon for francophone countries!),2007,年：努力构建新征信基础设施的支柱,and in 2007: Pillars of the New Credit Reporting Infrastructure,国际金融公司的建议,The IFC recommendations,私营征信机构需由央行颁发运营执照,Private CBs are licensed by Central Bank,所有处于央行监管下的,金融机构每月必须向央行提交,所有,贷款的,所有,信息，无论贷款额度大小（,无,需征求借款人个人同意）,Every month,all,regulated financial institutions must supply BAM with,all,information concerning,all,loans, regardless of the amount (consumers consent,not,required),央行须,每月,On a,monthly,basis BAM,整合所有收到的数据,consolidates the data received,向所有获得执照的征信机构提供,相同,的信息,supplies all the licensed Credit Bureaus with the,same,information base,历史数据,必须是数据库的一部分（理想的情况是有,5,年的历史数据）,Historical data,must be part of the database (ideally 5 years),强制贷款人在授信前,必须向征信机构进行查询,Inquiring a CB,before granting credit becomes,mandatory,for lenders,2007,年：努力构建新征信基础设施的支柱（续）,and in 2007: Pillars of the New Credit Reporting Infrastructure (Contd),国际金融公司的建议,The IFC recommendations,允许,非监管类放贷人,与征信机构共享数据（,需获得,客户同意）,Nonregulated lenders,allowed to share data with CBs (customers consent,required,),央行是征信机构的唯一监管和发证机构,BAM is the only supervising and licensing authority for CBs,以简单的央行部门规章的形式来执行行为守则和其它规范（无需专门的征信法律）,Code of Conduct and other norms enforced through simple BAM regulations (,no CB Law required,),央行有权使用所有征信机构的数据库，以服务于监管目的,BAM can access any CB database for supervision purposes,向摩洛哥推荐的模式,Recommended Model for Morocco,摩洛哥信息共享流程,客户（信息）,非监管类实体,摩洛哥央行,SCIP,私营征信机构,1,、,2,、,3,、,4,银行、非银行金融机构、小额金融机构、非监管类实体,受监管的银行,受监管的非银行金融机构,受监管的小额金融机构,建立了一个透明的、先进的、,具有竞争力和非分割性的,信息共享基础设施,Build a transparent, advanced,competitive and non-fragmented,information sharing infrastructure,使得所有符合央行要求的征信机构都能运作（不论是本地的，还是国际的），并在质量、价格和增值服务方面展开竞争,Allow all CB providers which fulfill BAMs requirements to operate (local or international) and,compete on quality, pricing and value-added services,吸引跨国征信机构为摩洛哥带来先进的技术和投资,Attract to Morocco,know how and investments of international CBs,“,新体系”的好处,Some Benefits of the “Nouveau Regime”,使央行获得无偿的,充足信息,，以服务于它最根本的目标：,监管全国的系统性信贷风险,Supply BAM with a,wealth of information,at no cost that can be used for its primary objective:,supervision of the country systemic credit risk,允许,非监管类金融机构和“替代性数据”来源,成为征信机制的一部分（,需获得个人同意,）,Allows,non-regulated FIs and “Alternative data” sources,to be part of the mechanism (,with consumers consent,),使央行从其它次要责任（向借款人提供客户服务、技术性基础设施建设、投资、提升内部技能等）中解脱出来，发挥最关键的作用（,监管和发证,）,Give BAM a key role (,supervising and licensing authority,) while,disposing of any other petty responsibility,(customer service for borrowers, technical infrastructure, investment, building internal skills, etc.),“,新体系”的好处（续）,Some Benefits of the “Nouveau Regime”,(Contd),总结,Conclusion,简而言之,In Short,扩大征信机构的数据范围会带来巨大的好处,There are huge benefits derived from broadening the scope of data held in the bureau:,正面数据,Positive data,非传统,/,替代性数据,Non traditional / alternative data,:,缩小信息差距，增加可评分个人的比例,reduces infomation gap, increases percentage of consumers who can be scored,使更多的有信用的人群可以获得融资，而他们以前往往被排除在外或服务程度不够,increases access to credit for creditworthy segments of the population previously excluded or underserved,降低信贷风险,/,坏账,decreases credit risk / bad loans,是建立信用记录的第一步,it is a first step to build a credit history,国际金融公司全球征信机构发展项目的主要工作，也是全球的趋势，就是发展私营征信机构，但这并不排除诸如公私合营之类的补充,/,混合模式，如摩洛哥,The majority of IFC work under the Credit Bureau Program, and the global industry trend, is in the development of private credit reporting, but this does not exclude complementary/hybrid solutions such as private/public partnerships, e.g. Morocco,全球征信机构发展项目,Global Credit Bureau Program,向,41,个国家,提供了咨询服务,Number of countries in which advisory services was provided:,41 countries,在,8,个国家创建了征信机构和,/,或使征信机构能力显著提升,Number of credit bureaus created and/or significantly improved in: 8 countries,2006,年这些国家的征信机构查询数量达到,930,万次,Total number of credit bureau inquiries in those countries in 2006: 9.3 million,共起草或协助起草了,14,部新法律,/,法规,Number of new laws/regulations drafted or contributed to the drafting: 14,在,27,个国家举办了,33,次圆桌会议、研讨会、大型会议和其它征信推广活动,Number of roundtables, seminars, conferences and other outreach events supported: 33 events in 27 countries,在国际金融公司提供征信机构咨询服务的国家，共储存了,6.16,亿个成年人的记录,Number of people positively affected: 616 million individual records in all countries where IFC provided credit bureau advisory services,通过世界银行的,全球投资环境报告,，对,170,多个国家的征信环境进行监测,Monitoring of credit reporting environment: over 170 countries through Doing Business Report,来自澳大利亚、意大利、荷兰、挪威、新西兰、瑞士、,Visa,国际和国际金融公司的捐赠资金,Multi-donor funding from Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Switzerland, Visa International and IFC,联系方式,CONTACTS,相关链接和联系方式,Useful links & contact information,Peer Stein, Head, PSteinifc.org,Ghada Teima, Program Manager, GTeimaifc.org,Shalini Sankar, Program Support, SSankar1ifc.org,各大区征信和风险管理顾问,Regional Credit Bureau and Risk Management Advisors,Oscar Maddedu, OMaddeduifc.org (,拉丁美洲和加勒比地区,Latin America & Caribbean),Stefano Stoppani, SStoppaniifc.org (,中欧和东欧、南欧和中亚、中东和北非,Central & Eastern Europe, Southern Europe & Central Asia, Middle East & North Africa),Tony Lythgoe, TLythgoeifc.org (,东亚和南亚,East & South Asia),Nataliya Mylenko, NMylenkoifc.org (,撒哈拉以南非洲,Sub-Saharan Africa),征信顾问,Regional Credit Bureau Advisors,Peter Sheerin, PSheerinifc.org (,中东和北非、撒哈拉以南非洲,Middle East & North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa),Colin Raymond, CRaymondifc.org (,东亚和南亚,East & South Asia),国际金融公司,征信机构知识指南,IFC Credit Bureau Knowledge Guide,谢谢,Thank you!,提问及回答,Questions?,斯泰方诺,斯多巴尼,Stefano Stoppani sstoppaniifc.org,演讲完毕，谢谢观看！,