土木工程专业英语课件1

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lesson 1,Text Civil Engineering,Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.,土木工程，这个最古老的工程专业，是指对被建设环境的规划、设计、建筑和管理。这个环境包括按科学原理所建的一切结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设备。,Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.,土木工程师们修路、建桥、打隧道，建水坝，海港，发电厂，供水排水系统，建医院，学校，公共交通设施和其他公共设施实质上就是要建设现代化社会和大量人口集中地。他们也建设私有的设施，例如：机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，和其他大型建筑物，它们设计用于工业，商业和居住等用途。此外，土木工程师规划，设计和建设完整的城市和乡镇，近年来，已经在规划和设计空间平台来构建自给自足型社区。,土木这个词来源于拉丁文，愿意是市民。,1782,年，英国人,John Smeaton,用这个术语将非军事工程工作从在当时占绝大多数的军事工程师所人事的工程工作中区别开来。从那以后，土木工程这个词常常用于表示建设公用设施的工程师们所人事的工作，尽管这个领域要宽广得多。,The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader.,Scope.,Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement,water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project,s impact on the local area:,the potential for air and groundwater(,地下水,) pollution, the project,s impact on local animal and plant life,and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the,environment.,Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile(,同时,), structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.,范围：,因为它的面太广，所以土木工程被分成许多技术专业。各专业的土木工程专家所需要的技能取决于工程项目的类型。当一个项目开始时，场地被土木工程师所测绘，他们给定给水排水设施和电力线路的实际位置。岩土工程专家们完成土壤实验来确定地基是否能承受工程项目的自重。环境专家们研究项目对当地的影响：潜在的空气和地下水资源的污染，工程项目对当地动植物的影响，为满足保护环境的管理要求，怎样才能把工程项目设计好。,运输专家确定需要什么设施来减轻由所完成的项目所引起的对当地道路和其他运输网络的压力。同时，结构专家用预备的数据为工程项目做出详细的设计、规划，和说明。从工程的开工到结束，建筑管理专家都监督和协调着上述这些土木工程师的工作。基于其他专家所提供的信息，建筑管理土木工程师估计所需的材料和人工的数据，对所有的工作提出计划，这各工序订购材料和设备，签订承包合同和转包合同，完成其他监督工作以确保工程按期按质地完成。,Throughout,any given project, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computers are used to design the project,s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project.,对于任何一个给定的工程项目，土木工程师始终（,将介词,throughout,转译成副词,）都要充分利用计算机。用计算机来设计工程的各要素（计算机辅助设计,CAD,）且用计算机来管理这个工程项目。对于现代土木工程师而言，计算机是必备的工具，因为它们允许工程师高效地处理大量的用来制定工程最佳施工方法的数据。,Structural engineering.,In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.,结构工程,.,在这个专业中，土木工程师计划和设计各种各样的结构，包括桥，水坝，发电厂，设备的支柱，海岸工程的特殊结构，美国空间项目，发射塔，巨大的天文射电望远镜，和许多种其它的工程项目。利用计算机，结构工程师计算一个结构所必须承受的力：建筑物自重，风力和飓风力，温度变化而引起的建筑材料的热胀冷缩的应力，和地震力。他们也确定合适的材料组合方法：钢材，砼，塑料，沥青，砖，铝或其它建筑材料。,Water resources engineering.,Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff (,流量,), and maintain beaches and other,waterfront,(,市中河，湖,) facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors,canals,(,运河,), and,locks,(,水闸,), build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water,impoundments,（,蓄水,）,of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the location of structures affecting navigation.,水资源工程：,这个专业的土木工程师处理水物质管理的各个方面的工作。他们的工程项目帮助防洪，城市供水和灌溉，管理和控制河流和水流量，且维护海滩和其它城市中的湖等设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河，和水闸，建筑巨大的水电坝和较小的水坝且蓄住各种水资源，帮助设计堤岸结构，确定导航结构的位置。,Geotechnical engineering.,Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate (,估计，求,值，评价,) and work to minimize the potential,settlement,(,沉降,) of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to,protect,structures,against,earthquakes and the effects of groundwater,.,岩土工程：,从事这个领域工作的土木工程师分析支承建筑物并影响结构特性的土壤和岩石的性质。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。这些工程师也计算和确定怎样加强边坡和充填物的稳定性，怎样保护建筑物使其免受地震和地下水的影响。,Environmental engineering.,In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design,air scrubbers,(,空气滤清器,) and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes,incineration,(,烧成灰，焚化,), or other smoke-producing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, the engineers design and manage,sanitary(,清洁的,) landfills (,垃圾埯埋法,),to prevent pollution of surrounding land.,环境工程,：,在这个工程分支中，土木工程师设计，建造和监督提供安全饮用水，防止和控制用于地表水和地下水资源的污染的系统。他们也设计，制造和监督控制和减少胜用于空气和土地污染的工程项目。这些工程师建筑水和废水处理厂，设计空气滤清器和其它设备以便将来自于工业生产，焚烧或其它产生烟的活动的空气污染消除或减到最小的程度。他们也通过建设特殊的垃圾站或者是消除有毒有害物质，努力控制有毒害的废物。此外，这些工程师们设计和管理垃圾清洁站，以免污染周围的土壤。,Transportation engineering.,Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. They,specialize in,（擅长于）,designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets,mass transit,（共公交通）,systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.,运输工程：,从事这个专业的土木工程师建设公用设施保证人和物的安全有效的流动。他们擅长于设计和维护各种运输设施，公路和街道，公共交通系统，铁路，机场，港口和海港。运输工程师在设计各个工程项目时，既应用科技知识，又考虑经济，政治和社会因素。他们与城市规划人员密切合作，因为社区建设的质量与运输系统的质量密切相关。,Pipeline engineering.,In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids,ranging from,coal,slurries,（泥浆）,(mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes,to,water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers,determine,pipeline,design,the economic and environmental,impact,of a project on regions it must traverse,the type of,materials,to be used-steel, concrete, plastic,or,combinations,of various materials-installation techniques,methods,for testing pipeline strength, and,controls,for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.,管线工程：,在土木工程的这个分支专业中，工程师们建设管线和有关运送液体，气体，或煤泥浆（煤和水的混合物），半流体废品，水，油，和各种易燃和不易燃的气体的设施。工程师们进行管线设计，并估计管线项目对所跨区域的经济环境影响，确定各种要用的材料钢材，混凝土，塑料等，确定各种材料组合方法即安装技术，制定测试管线强度的方法，制定保持和控制被运送材料的合理流速和合适的压力。当运输有害物质时，主要还要考虑安全问题。,Ranging from,A,to,B,涉及的范围从,A,到,B,The engineers determine pipeline design,impact of,on,六个并列宾语,the type of,combinations,methods for,controls for,Construction engineering.,Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project,from beginning to end,. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply,both,technical,and,managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular (,定期的,) progress reports to the,owners of the structure,(,业主，建设者,),.,建筑工程：,从事这个领域的土木工程师自始至终监督着工程项目的建筑活动。有时被称为项目工程师，他们既要应用技术技能，又要用管理技能，包括：建筑方法，计划，金融，组织和工程讯息工期。事实上他们协调着从事这项工作的每个人的活动，即以下人员的活动：测量员；设计和建筑临时道路和停车坪，挖基础，倒混凝土的工人们；建筑钢框架的工人们。这些工程师们也定期向建设者,(,业主,),报告工程进度。,Community and urban planning.,Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves,far more than,engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of,public works,along with,private development,. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste,water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.,小区规划和城市规划,：,从事土木工程这一领域工作的人们，在一个城市内规划和开发小区（社区），或者规划和开发整个城市，这种规划的内涵,远不止,工程建设方面的思考；土地和自然资源开发利用中的环境，社会和经济因素也是要思考的关键元素。这些土木工程师将,公共工程,连同,私营开发,一起进行协调规划，他们估计各种必备的设施，包括街道，公共运输系统，机场，港口设施，供水系统和废水处理系统，公共建筑，公园，娱乐和其它设施，以确保社会，经济和环境的健康发展。,Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping.,The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth,s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radio signal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for,boring,tunnels,building,highways and dams,plotting,flood control and irrigation project,locating,subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.,摄影测量，测绘：,从事这个专业的工程师们精密测量地球的表面以获得工程项目设计和施工中所需要的可靠的位置信息。这种活动常常包括高科技的方法：航空，航天测量，照片图像的计算机处理。将来自于卫星，激光器扫描和声波束扫描所得到的无线电信号转换成地图，为掘隧道，建水坝，规划洪水控制和灌溉等工程项目提供较从前精密得多的测量数据，为对影响建设项目和大量在用建筑物的地下的地质构造进行定位而提供较以前精确得多的测量数据。,Other specialties.,Two additional civil engineering specialties that,are not entirely within the scope of,civil engineering,but are essential to,the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.,其它专业：,有两个附属专业，它,不完全属于,土木工程范围，但对土木工程学科而言是,必不可少的,，它们是工程管理专业和工程教育专业。,注：,are not entirely within the scope of,不完全属于,are essential to,对,.,必不可少的,Engineering management.,Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may,work,in,government,municipal, county, state, or federal;,in,the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers; or,in,semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. They may also manage private engineering firms,ranging in size from,a few employees,to,hundreds.,工程管理：,许多土木工程师最终选择侧重于管理的职业。其他人一开始就有能力从事管理岗位的工作。土木工程师管理者将科技知识与其组织和协调人力、材料，机械和资金等方面的能力结合起来。这些工程师们服务于政府市政府，县政府，州政府，联邦政府；他们还可以服务于美国军事部门的工程师军团，或服务于民间当民用工程的管理工程师；或服务于半自治区或城市当局；或服务于类似的组织；他们也可能管理规模从几个到数百个雇员的私营工程公司。,Work,in,government,in,the U.S.,or,in,semiautonomous,三个并列的介词短语做复合宾语。,ranging in size from,A,to,B,规模（大小）从,A,到,B,Engineering teaching.,The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both,graduate,（研究生）,and,undergraduate students,（本科生）,in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. Many also,serve as,consultants,on,engineering projects, or,on,technical boards and commissions associated with major projects.,工程教育：,选择教育职业的土木工程师们既教该专业的研究生也教本科生。许多从事教育的土木工程师从事一些基础研究工作，这些工作最终引起建筑材料和方法上的技术革新。许多也给工程项目当顾问，或给与主要工程项目相关的委员会或技术部门当顾问。,注：,serve as consultants on B,给,B,当顾问,小结：从事,的土木工程师,In this specialty, civil engineers,Civil engineers in this specialty do ,Civil engineers who specialize in this field do ,In this branch of engineering, civil engineers do ,Civil engineers working in this specialty do ,Civil engineers in this field do ,Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may do ,Many civil engineers choose careers that ,Lesson 2 (Text) Building and Architecture,建筑物与建筑学,Para 1,The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities. From the time of the cave dwellers to the present, one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements. In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs. This art includes, in addition to buildings, all the civil engineering structures such as dams, canals, tunnels,aqueducts,(,沟渠,), and bridges.,建筑物的用途就是为人类的活动提供躲风避雨的场所。从穴居时代一直到现在，人类首要的需求之一就是要有一个躲风避雨的地方。更广义地说，建筑物的艺术包含将环境和直接自然力控制在自己的需求之内的一切人类的努力。这门艺术除了建筑物本身外，还包含象水坝、运河、遂道、沟渠和桥梁等一切土木工程结构。,注：,all of,man,s efforts,=,尽人类的一切努力,“,重男轻女,”,的英国语言现象,Para 2,The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical. It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths. In a similar manner, the,master builder,concerned with,the building,as,a shelter is no longer an individual; instead, his work is done by a team of several specialists: the planner, the architect, the engineer, and the builder. The execution of a modern building,depends on the collective talents of this team,.,不管是将建筑物设计成躲风避雨的场所，还是将土木工程结构用于其它用途，其科学根据都是一样的。这两个领域沿着不同的道路发展，也只是我们的现代社会的特殊需求的结果。同理，将建筑物当成躲风避雨场所的建造商已不再是个人行为了；相反，其工作由几个专家所组成的队伍来完成，这些专家有：设计师，建筑师，工程师和施工人员。当代建筑主管要依靠他的建筑队的集体智慧。,注：,master builder =,建造商，建筑工程队队长,concerned with,A,as,B,=,关于将,A,作为,B,的,the collective talents of this team.,=,团队的集体智慧和才干。,Para 3,The form of a building is an,outgrowth,（长出，派出，结果，副产品，产物）,of its function, its environment, and various socioeconomic factors. An,apartment building, an office building, and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill. In an apartment building every habitable space,such as,living rooms and bedrooms, must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building. This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building. In office buildings, on the other hand, artificial light is accepted for more,uniform illumination, and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light.,建筑物的结构是其功能、环境及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。公寓楼、办公楼、学校的结构都不相同，因为它们所实现的功能不同。在公寓楼中，每一个可居住的空间，如：客厅、卧室，必须有来自于窗户的自然采光；而卫生间和厨房可以只用人工照明采光因此可以放在建筑物的更内部一些的位置。这种需求自然就限制了对公寓楼的建筑深度。另一方面，在办公楼，可以采用均匀照明的方式进行人工采光，因此这种建筑物的深度不受自然采光需求的限制。,注：,apartment building(,美,),公寓大楼,uniform illumination=,均匀照明,such as,=,例如：,Paragraph 4,Environment may affect,both,the shape,and,appearance of a building. An urban school may create its own environment by using,blank walls,to,seal out,the city completely, and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape, even though both schools fulfill the same function.,环境可能影响建筑物的形状和外观。城市的学校可以用间隔围墙将它完全与城市隔开，而乡村学校可以开发一个完整的风景，即使这两种学校都能实现相同的功能，便它们的形状和外观大不相同。, Paragraph 5,Finally, the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors, including land costs, tenancy, building budget, and zoning restrictions. High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings, while low land costs in the country result in low buildings.,最终，建筑物的结构受多种社会经济因素的影响，包括土地价格，租赁，建筑预算和地区的限制。市区的地价高而在市区建高层建筑，而乡村的低地价导致了乡村的低层建筑。,Paragraph 5,（,continued,）,A housing project for the rich will take a different form,than,a,low-cost housing project,. A prestige office building will be more,generously,（,大方地,）,budgeted for than other office buildings. The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions. In all these examples, buildings with similar functions take on different forms.,(,续,),富人们的住宅项目将采用一种与廉价住宅项目不同的结构。威望性办公楼的预算比其它办公楼的预算要宽松得多。建筑物的体积和它的外观可能受区域的限制。所有这些例子说明，具有相同功能的建筑物表现出不同的结构。,注：,blank walls=,间隔围墙，,both,and,=,既,又，,seal out . =,与,隔开，,than,=,与,相比，,a low-cost housing project=,低廉造价的住宅项目,Paragraph 6:,Architecture is the art of building. Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. The precise activities to be housed in any specific,building,ranging,from,an assembly line,in a factory,to,a living room in a home,should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within. These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other. Furthermore, the movement of human beings within the building,“,circulation,”,in architectural,parlance,（,n.,谈话，说法，用法）,requires halls, stairs, or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic. The plan of a structure, always the first consideration of an architect, is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building. Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him, perhaps,subconsciously,（潜意识地）, by,visibly,（显然）,relating the several units of the,edifice,（大厦，大建筑物）,.,Conversely, a bad plan results in inconvenience, waste, and visual confusion.,建筑学是建筑物的艺术。事实上，建筑学涉及到人类使用的一切空间和环境。在特定建筑物中开展的精细活动从工厂的装配线到住宅中的