大学英语四级作文讲解课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,大学英语四级写作辅导,Writing for CET4,提纲,1.,大纲对四级作文的要求,2.,四级评分原则,和,标准,3.,四级作文常考题型,4.,写作对策,5.,常用过渡词语,6.,常用句型,大纲对四级作文的要求,要求应试者在,30,分钟内写出一篇不少于,120,个词的短文写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会文化等方面的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。其命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或给出段首句续写、或给出关键词写短文、或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。,评分原则,1,、检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求。,2,、采用总体评分（,Global Scoring),方法,阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（,reward scores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。,3,、 从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合判断。作文应表达,题目所规定的内容,。评分要考虑文章是否,切题,，是否清楚而合适地表达思想，语言错误是否造成理解障碍。,评分标准（按百分制评判）,1,、满分,15,分,2,、阅卷标准分五等：,2,分，,5,分，,8,分，,11,分，,14,分,3,、档次评分标准,2,分,，,5,分,，,8,分,，,11,分,，,14,分,2,分,一塌糊涂,条理不清，思想紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,Nowdays, Social appeared more,more,free Admissions to museums. its in order to people wasted money. In,adition, rich in peoples life and increase more,knowldeges,But some people thought free,Adimssions,to museums have brought much problems. In hand, a plenty of people visited,5,分,糊里糊涂,基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重语言错误。,In order to enrich the culture of people, more and more,musuems,were provided free admissions. Somebody thought it would take some problems like that.,The first, because of free admissions of Museums were attracted a large numbers of people who interested in all around the world. And those who take part in effected the traffic crowed around the museums, even though affected people who live in next to the museum life,8,分,马马虎虎,基本切题。 有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，有一些是严重错误。,There is an interesting and attractive picture which goes like this: More and more museums are free for people. They want more people go to museums.,But some people argue that it make some trouble for free for people. The reason is the economy of the museums would be worse than before. Worst of all, it may take a mess for more people come to the museums.,11,分,清清楚楚,切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误,Now more and more museums are free without charge to the public. Does that make any sense?,Free admission to museums helps us save money, but it also encourages us to go to museums to learn something else and get more knowledge. This contributes to improve the living level of the public. It can certainly let us know more about our country and the world, which has a good effect on our development.,Every coin has two sides. It can also bring some problems. For example,14,分,漂漂亮亮,切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误。,Example,Free Admission to Museums?,越来越多的博物馆现在免费向公众开放,目的是,有人认为这样做会带来一些问题,在我看来,Nowadays, more and more museums are open to the public for free. Free admissions to museums,will,motivate peoples interests in history, arts and science.,In this way, museums can,provide people with,easier,access to,knowledge, which is,of vital importance,for the whole nation.,However, some people,hold,that free admissions to museums can,bring about,many problems. Since anybody can enter a museum without paying, the museum can be overcrowded and,it,will be a difficult job for museums to maintain their collections.,Besides, museums will face financial problems,since,they cant make profits from the admission fee.,Due to,the decrease in profits, museums have less motivation to up-date their collections and out-of-date museums cant avoid the fate to close up,in the long run.,In my opinion, free admissions to museums are good for the public,but on the other hand,they may,pose problems to,the museum management. Governments should provide help to museums and guide them to serve the public better.,作文题型,：,1,）现象解释型,这类作文多为图表式作文，说明文体裁。这类命题要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释，并加以评论。基本模式：第一段解释现象；第二段解释或阐述这种现象产生或存在的原因；第三段提出建议或总结观点。,2,）对比选择型,这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通常首先论述相反的两个观点，或分析评论某一社会现象的优缺点。然后给出自己的见解和看法。基本模式：第一段论述一些人对某一事物或现象的看法，或某一事物的优点；第二段论述另外一些人对此的看法，或某一事物的缺点；第三段表明自己的观点,3,）问题解决型,这类作文一般为提纲式作文，说明文体裁。通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考试最后谈论适合自己的方法。基本模式：第一段提出问题或阐述某件事情的重要性或意义；第二段列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径；第三段针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可以提出个人的建议或选择，并阐述理由。此题型的写作重点在,How,，即解决问题的办法。,4,）观点论证型,这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通常是围绕某一事物或观点进行论证，有时以格言或谚语为议论对象，要求考试提供论据加以说明。在写这类作文时，尤其要注意的是，在表明自己的观点时，要清楚明白，不能含含糊,5,）应用文,在四级考试中，出现频率比较高的应用文体有：个人简历、求职信、求学信、询问信、推荐信、表扬信、感谢信、投诉信、邀请信等。,该文体的文章对格式的要求比较严格，常分三段来写：开头，正文，结尾。,开头：介绍写信的原因，最近的情况。,正文：写信的具体内容。,结尾：期待盼望的话或再次提醒。,写作对策,1,、内容要紧扣主题，涵盖提示要点,要审准题,看清题目、提纲、图画、表 格，扣紧题目写就不会出现大问题,注意：,1.,不要妄图以情动人；,2.,不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。,2.,结构上要层次清晰,结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句,(Topic Sentence),，再写分论点，最后写总结句,(Conclusion),。,分段,文章结构的关键,引言段,扩展段,结尾段,引言段要包含中心句；扩展段每段应有主题；结尾段自然收尾,开头空出相同字符数空格；题目不必重抄；段与段之间不必空行,3.,语言上要表达流畅，无重大语病，句式有一定的变化。,1,）避免重大的语言错误。每完成一篇作文，应从单词拼写、动词时态、名词单复数、形容词、副词比较级别、固定搭配、介词用法等方面进行检查。,a.,用不同的词或词组表达同一个意思，如：,think, believe, hold, maintain, argue,etc. b.,根据意义和语法要求把有关单句组合起来 使句子在结构上更加多样化，既有短句， 又有长句；适当使用,从句、倒装句、非谓语动词、插入语等，,从而使文章句子结构稍微复杂而富于变化,，,从而增加语言的表现力和文章的感染力,2,）注意遣词、造句以及句式的变化多样,常用从句,Which,引导的 非限定性定语从句,2,、状语从句 （结果、原因、时间、比较）,Sothat; because/since; before/after, notuntil; while/whereas,3,、名词性从句（同位语从句、宾语从句）,倒装、非谓语动词和插入语的使用,1,、,not onlybut also,Only bycan,Not untildo,2,、分词做状语，动名词做主语或宾语,3,、适当插入一些副词或介词短语等,This measure,undoubtedly(in,my opinion), will eliminate the waste of water.,联句方法,要做到句子结构的多样化，必须掌握改变句子结构形式的一些常用联句方法。现介绍如下：,1,把两个词序和句型都一致的简单句，用并列连接词连成一句。,例一：,He took difficult courses last term.,He spent long hours studying.,He took difficult courses last term and spent long hours studying.,例二：,She was not satisfied with her own achievement.,She was not satisfied with the teams performance.,She was not satisfied neither with her own achievement nor with the teams performance.,2.,将其中一句改成分词短语，在句中作状语。,例一：,I was deeply touched by the scene.,I couldnt keep back my tears.,Deeply touched by the scene, I couldnt keep back my tears.,3.,将其中一句改成“介词,+,名词”短语，在句中作状语,例一：,I need relaxation.,I have worked a hard day in the factory.,After (or: because of) a days hard work in the factory, I need relaxation.,4,将其中一句改成改分词独立结构，在句中作状语。,例一：,We have considered every thing.,Shanghai is the most exciting city in China.,Everything (being) considered, Shanghai is the most exciting city in China.,(,过去分词独立结构用作状语，表示结果，,being,可省略,),5,将其中一句改成不定式短语或形容词短语，在句中作状语,例一：,People hear you speak English.,They may take you for an Englishman.,To hear you speak English, people might take you for an Englishman.,例二：,We must guarantee the basic needs for people.,We will produce more and better necessities of life for them.,To guarantee the basic needs for people, we will produce more and better necessities of life for them.,6,将其中一句改成定语从句,例一：,Some people can not distinguish between colors.,They are said to be color-blinded.,Some people who can not distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded.,例二：,The boy has defeated many grown-ups at chess.,He is only fifteen.,The boys who is only fifteen has defeated many grown-ups at chess.,7,将其中一句改成状语从句,例一：,Susan expected her research paper to receive a good grade.,She had put many hours of writing into it.,Susan expected her research paper to receive a good grade, because she had put many hours of writing into it.,例二：,Air traffic is closely controlled.,Flying is relatively safe.,If (,或,Because/As long as/Provided that) air traffic is closely controlled, flying is relatively safe.,Example 1:,对立观点型,其框架相对固定，一般分为三部分：,第一部分：引出有争议的两个观点；,第二部分：对两个观点分别进行详细论述，可以分为两小段进行；,第三部分：总结、陈述自己的观点。,例：,Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?,Directions,:,For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled,Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?,You should write at least 120 words following outline given in Chinese below:,名校校园正成为旅游新热点；,校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同；,我认为,P1,：,Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in_.(,点明新热点,),Therefore, there is a hot debate over_.(,切入话题,),P2,：,Some people are in favor of the idea of _. (,概述一方观点,),They believe that_.(,详述理由一,),They also argue that _. (,详述理由二,),P3,：,However, other people stand on a different ground. (,概述另一方观点,),They consider _.(,详述理由一,),Whats more, they firmly point out that _. (,详述理由二,),P4: There is some truth in both arguments. (,双方各有道理,),But I think the advantages of _ overweigh the disadvantages. (,但是利大于弊,). In my opinion, _. (,总结自己的观点,).,Example 2:,道理论证型,道理论证型短文是对某一事物或现象进行分析和论证。一般可以按下列框架展开：,第一段：开篇引出题目要求评论的观点，并给出不同的看法；,第二段：详细阐述这些看法的立足理由及其优劣之处；,第三段：总结并给出自己的见解。,例：,It Pays to Be Honest,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic,It Pays to Be Honest,. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline below in Chinese:,1),当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；,2),诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。,第一段：,It is true that _.,（提出普遍的观点）,However, _. (,叙述不同的观点,),第二段：,I think _.(,提出自己的观点，就是文章的论点,),The reasons can be listed as follows.(,开始论证,),Firstly, _.(,论证理由一,),Secondly, _.(,论证理由二,),Thirdly,，,_. (,论证理由三,),第三段：,It goes without saying that_.(),In conclusion, _.(,总结全文,),Example 3:,问题解决型,问题解决型短文立意在,How,。其一般框架是：,第一段：引言，对现状、形势或困难进行描述，提出问题；,第二段：途径与方法，列举做某事的途径或解决问题的各种方法；,第三段：评价或选择，对第二段中提及的途径进行简要评价，或选取其一二中自己认为合适的，阐述其依据。,How to Succeed in a Job Interview?,中文提示：,1),面试在求职过程中的作用；,2),取得面试成功的因素，仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是,第一段：,_.(,铺垫，提出问题,),On the one hand, _.(,理由一,),On the other hand, _.(,理由二,),第二段：,Therefore, how to _ is worth paying attention to. (,承上启下，提出要解决的问题,),Firstly, _. (,办法一,),Secondly, _.(,办法二,),Thirdly, _. (,办法三,) In this way, _.,第三段：,In brief, _. (,总结全文,),Example 4:,解释说明型,解释说明型论说文是对事物的发生、发展、结果、特征、状态、功能等进行介绍、阐述、解释的一种论说文类型。写作重点是表达必须清楚、条理清晰、层次清楚。,On Students Selecting Lecturers,中文提示：,有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师；,学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是,学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题。,第一段：,Nowadays, there is a hot debate about_. (,提出问题,),第二段：,A number of factors contribute to _. (,概述，引出对问题的分析,),On the one hand, _.(,一方面,),On the other hand, _. (,另一方面,),第三段：,Clearly, there are both advantages and disadvantages as to the view of this matter. (,概述不同观点,),For one thing, _.(,一方面,),For another, _. (,另一方面,),In general, _. (,得出结论,),4.,卷面整洁，安排合理,1.,用笔的颜色,(,深蓝色使人心情放松愉快,),2.,粗细,(,粗线条给人以安全感,),，,3.,整齐划一的格式,(,段首一律空两个手指,),，,4.,明了的段落感,(,每段空一行,),，,5.,清晰的字数感,(,一行以,8-10,字为宜,),，,6.,工整干净的卷面（没有黑粑粑，,涂改用短横杠）,7.,作文的排版应该不多于,2/3,，不少于,1/3,，,要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。,英语四级作文中常用过渡语,表示列举的方法,First of all/Above all, secondly, moreover,In the first place, in the second place, furthermore/whats more,To,begin(start,) with, secondly, in addition,For one thing, for another thing, for still another thing,表示举例说明的过渡语,For example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point,Lets take as an example. Take for example., is a typical example of , is a typical/proper case in point.,表示递进关系的过渡语,In addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, whats more,Not only, but also, similarly,Another is, is another, is also a factor.,表示对比对照的过渡语,In contrast, by contrast, on the other,hand,in,comparison, on the contrary, unlike, like, contrary to, whereas, while, conversely,differ/vary greatly/vastly from,Different from,表示因果关系的过渡语,Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason,Therefore, so, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hence, thus,The reasons why/for are/lie in, results in, result from,表示结论的过渡语,To sum up, to conclude, to summarize,In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief,So, therefore, thus,We can come to the conclusion that,A conclusion can be reached that,表示转折的过渡语,Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though,Lets look at the other side of the coin.,As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin.,Just as there are two sides of a coin,.,归纳总结概括全文，得出结论,All in al,l,In a word,As for me,In my opinion,Personally, I think /believe,As far as I am concerned,英语四级作文八种常用句型,一,.,原因,1. A number of factors might contribute to (lead,to )(account for ) the,phenomenon(problem,).,2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.,3. The factors that contribute to this situation,include.,4. The change in .largely results from the fact that.,5. One of the most common factors (causes ) is,that .,6. Another contributing factor (cause ) is .,7. Perhaps the primary factor is that ,8. But the fundamental cause is that,二,.,比较,1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.,2.The advantages of,A,are much greater than those,of,B,.,3.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating,advantages.,4.Like anything else, it has its faults.,5.,A,and,B,have several points in common.,6.,A,and,B,differ in several ways.,7. Evidently, it has both negative and positive,effects.,8. People used to think ., but things are different,now.,三,.,批驳,1)It is true that ., but one vital point is being left out.,2) Some people say ., but it does not hold water.,3) Many of us have been under the illusion that.,4) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous,the statement is.,5) It makes no sense to argue for .,6) Too much stress placed on . may lead to .,7) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption,that .,8) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain,that .,四,.,后果,1. It may give rise to a host of problems.,2. The immediate result it produces is .,3. It will exercise a profound influence upon.,4. Its consequence can be so great that.,五,.,举例,1) A good case in point is .,2) As an illustration, we may take .,3) Such examples might be given easily.,4) .is often cited as an example.,六,.,证明,1) No one can deny the fact that .,2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.,3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows .,4) Recent studies indicate that .,5) There is sufficient evidence to show that .,6) According to statistics provided by ., it can be seen that .,七,.,开篇,1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of .,2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.,3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated,topic.,4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern,among .,5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over .,6) Never in our history has the idea that . been so,popular.,7) Faced with ., quite a few people argue that .,8) According to a recent survey, .,9) With the rapid development of ., .,八,.,结尾,1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw,the conclusion that .,2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to,stop .,3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to .,4) In conclusion, it is imperative that .,5) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must .,6) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is,important to take actions to .,7) Taking all these into account, we .,8) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one,thing is certain/clear.,