资源描述
单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,.,*,非谓语动词讲解,Nonfinite Verbs,.,非谓语动词讲解Nonfinite Verbs.,1,非谓语动词,动名词,分词,现在分词,过去分词,动词不定式,.,非谓语动词动名词分词现在分词过去分词动词不定式.,2,1.谓语动词：,概述：,2. 非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词,是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分,一个句子,当中，,已经存在一个,主句,（谓语动词）,又没有连词,的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时,。,非谓语动词使用条件,She got off the bus,leaving,her handbag on her seat.,She got off the bus,but,left,her handbag on her seat.,.,1.谓语动词：概述：2. 非谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词,3,1,The teachers,sitting there,are,from other schools,.,表语,2 We,saw,some teachers,sitting there,.,宾语补足语,3 We need,to be active in class,.,宾语,谓语,宾语,主语,定语,连系动词,划分句子成分,非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.,.,1 The teachers sitting there a,4,4.To see you,is glad.,=Its glad to see you.,5.I want,to see you,.,6.I want him,to see you,.,7.My hope is,to see you,.,8.He is the man,to see you,.,9.Im glad,to see you,.,10.I went,to see you,.,11.He went so early as,to see you,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,.,4.To see you is glad.（作主语）(作宾语,5,12.,Swimming,is his favourite sport.,13.He enjoys,swimming,.,14.I found,him,swimming,in the river.,15.His favourite sport is,swimming.,16.He is the man,swimming,in the river just now.,17.,Swimming,in Summer ,we can get cool.,(作主语）,(作宾语）,(作宾补）,(作表语）,(作状语）,(作定语）,.,12.Swimming is his favourite s,6,动词不定式（,The Infinitive,）,一. 动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成,肯定式：to do sth 否定式：not to do sth.,被动式：to be done 完成式：to have done,二. 动词不定式的句法作用法,动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。,.,动词不定式（The Infinitive）一. 动词不定式的,7,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing,is foolish。,I want,to see you this evening,All you have to do is,to finish it quickly.,We found a house,to live in,.,She came here,to study English,.,I warned the patient not,to eat cold water,after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,.,动词不定式To do that sort of thing,8,(1)作主语,不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。,To see is to believe,Not to get there in time,is your fault.,注：,常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It + 谓语 + to do,It takes us an hour _ get there by bus.,句型2：Its + n. + to do,Its our duty _ help the poor.,It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in the mountains,.,(1)作主语 不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To,9,句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.,It is + adj +,for,sb to do sth,It is + adj +,of,sb to do sth,（,是形容人的品质的,）,（,是形容事物的性质的,）,It is easy for,me,to,finish,this work before ten.,It is a great honor for,us,to,be present at,your,birthday party.,It is very,kind,of,you,to give me some help.,Its,impolite,of,you,to speak to the teacher like that.,You are very kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,.,句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to d,10,常见动词有：,口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择,want, decide, hope, agree, choose, wish, need ,promise,(2)作宾语,I want to know this matter.,like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, prefer, forget, mean, prepare, pretend, continue, start, afford, hate等,I dont expect,to meet you,here.,1).,接不定式做宾语,1. They wanted _( get ) on the bus, didnt they?,2. He said he wished _( be ) a professor.,3. I agreed_ ( go ) there with the doctor.,4. My daughter preferred _ ( dance ) when she was in her twenties.,5. He had promised _ ( give ) me a hand.,.,常见动词有：口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择 want, d,11,B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:,tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain know, show, discover, see(understand),He,taught,us,how to use,the tool.,No one could,tell,me,where to get,the book.,I hope youll,advise,me,what to do,.,I dont know,how to get there,.,I havent decided,whether to go or stay,.,.,B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:I dont kno,12,begin,start,continue,+,to do,doing,注意下列动词,.,begin +to do 注意下列动词.,13,like,love,hate,prefer,learn,+,to do,doing,.,like+to do.,14,remember,forget,regret,+,to do,doing,.,remember+to do.,15,try,mean,stop,go on,+,to do,doing,.,try+to do.,16,1. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closing,B. closed,C. to closing,D. to close,2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have rested,B. resting,C. to rest,D. rest,4. Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.,A. to turn off,B. turning off,C. turn off,D. to turning,off,.,1. Boys, dont forget _ th,17,(3)作宾语补足语,(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系),1. Mothertoldme,_,comebackbefore,10oclock. 2. Illgetsomeone,_,repairtherecorder,foryou. 3. Whatcausedhim,_,changehismind? 4.Iwishyou,_,comeassoonaspossible.,5. He asked me _,do the work with him,.,(3)作宾语补足语(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系,18,advise allow ask,beg cause expect,encourage force,get hate invite,order wish,oblige,want warn remind,promise permit,persuade request,sb. to do,.,advise allow ask sb. to do.,19,see,watch,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,+,sb.,+,do,doing,done,make let,have,.,see +sb. +domake let.,20,sb. be,seen,watched,looked at,heard,listened to,felt,noticed,+,to do,made,let,.,sb. beseen +to do made.,21,2).,Ioftenhearthem(sing)this,song,.,Didyounoticeanyone(come)in? Iwouldhavehim(wait)formeforalongtime. Lookatthehorsejump.,注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：,He is often heard _,the song,Hewasseen_theroom.,to sing,toenter,.,2).Ioftenhearthem(sing)th,22,4. it作形式宾语,I find/feel to work with him,interesting ,I find/feel,it,interesting to work with him,注意：,不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,Subject+ find/think/feel/make/,consider,it,+adj/n +,to do sth,.,1.Wethought_better_startearly. 2.Doyouconsider_betternot_go?,3.Ifeel_myduty_changeallthat.,4.We think,_ important _ obey the law.,5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.,.,4. it作形式宾语I find/feel to work,23,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确,。,1.Let me _(help) you _ (water) the flowers.,2.Little Sandy would love _(take) to the cinema this evening.,3.,Though he often made his deskmate _(cry), today he was made _(cry) by his deskmate.,4. I saw him _ into the small store.A. wentB. goingC. to goD. has gone,5. Tell the boy _ out of the window.,not to look B. to not lookC. dont lookD. not look,help,(to)water,to take,cry,to,cry,.,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。 help,24,5.I have something,to tell you,. (不定式作,定语),不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,Do you have anything to wash today?,Do you have anything to be washed today?,(区别主被动）,不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容,I have no chance,to go there.,被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语,She is the last to,leave,the room.,不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词,He is looking for a room,to live in.,.,5.I have something to tell,25,1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A. to live inB. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in,2. Would you please pass me the knife _?A. to cut the fruit withB. to cut the fruitC. cutting the fruitD. cutting the fruit with,3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper,（写上）,4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？,I have no pen,（写）,to write on,to write with,动词不定式做定语,.,1.The house is not big enough,26,注意：,如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：,He is looking for a room to live,in,Please give me a knife to cut,with,(5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,I came here,to see you,We were very excited,to hear the news,He hurried to the school,to find nobody there,.,To look at him,，you would like him,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),.,注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：,27,动名词（,gerund）,一. 动名词的基本构成,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,二. 动名词的性质,动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：,1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰,I hope you dont mind,my saying,it.,.,动名词（gerund）一. 动名词的基本构成主动语态被动语态,28,2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语,Are you for or against,having the meeting,.,I insisted on,leaving at once,.,三.动名词的功用,1.可作主语,Seeing,is believing,Reading newspapers,can increase our knowledge.,no use,no good,no fun, Its +,a shame,+ doing,a waste of time/money,useless,dangerous,There is no + doing.,It is no use crying.,It is no good objecting,Looking after the patients is a nurses job.,Its dangerous playing with fire.,Its a waste of time copying others,homework.,There is no joking about the matter.,.,2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语Are you for o,29,2.可作宾语, S. +,vt,.,+ doing,Have you finished reading the book?,I suggest doing it in a different way,.,在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：,避免错过,(少),延期,avoid miss delay/postpone,建议完成,(多),练习,suggest / advise finish practise,喜欢想象,禁不住,enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/,resist/cant help,承认 否定,(与),嫉妒,admit deny envy,逃脱 冒险,(莫),原谅,escape / envy /risk /pardon /,excuse,忍受 保持,(不),在意,stand keep / keep on mind,注：在动词advise, allow, forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如,We dont allow people to,fish,here. 我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。,People,are not,allowed to,fish,here.,人们不准在这儿钓鱼。,.,2.可作宾语 S. + vt.+ doingHave y,30,prefer.to.,look forward to,be used to,put off,give up,S. +,keep on,+ doing,succeed in,cant help,feel like,be busy,be worth,have difficulty/trouble/problem (in),作介词/短语动词的宾语:,S. +,v. +,prep.,+ doing,e.g.,She sat there without (speak),I look forward to (see) him again.,Are you used to (live) there alone?,When my father heard the news, he couldnt help (laugh).,I dont feel like (go) to see the film.,He was busy (prepare) his lessons.,.,prefer.,31,主动表被动:,want (需要),need (需要),require (需要),Sth. + +,doing,be worth (值得),使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形式表达被动含义,to be done,使用不定式作宾语时，依然用被动形式表达被动含义, The room wants (clean)., The method needs (improve)., This pair of shoes require (mend)., The problem needs (work out)., The question is well worth (discuss),.,主动表被动: want,32,d）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。,当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式,。例如：,I like,swimming, but I dont like,to swim this afternoon,.,我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。,What would you like,to eat tonight?,你今晚上想吃什么？,Stop；forget；try；,Mean；go on；,Others Examples,.,d）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer,33,五.动名词的复合结构,动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语,1).物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词,在句中作主语:,Marys coming late made her teacher angry.,Do you mind my smoking?,Do you mind,my,reading,your paper?,Their,coming,to help was a great encouragement to us.,Roses,going,wont be of much help.,2).人称代词宾格 / 名词 + 动名词,在句中作宾语:,Im sure of him coming on time.,He has never heard of a woman being a pilot.,I dont mind,Jack (him),going.,She hates,young people (them),smoking,.,.,五.动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有,34,分词：Participles,一 分词的概述,1. 分词是“非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现 在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）。,2. 现在分词：doing,过去分词：规则动词 V+ed,不规则动词,3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。,.,分词：Participles一 分词的概述1. 分词是“非谓,35,现在分词与过去分词的区别：,1.语态上：,现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动,Do you know the woman talking to Tom?,The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.,2. 时态上：,现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成,Developing country boiling water,Developed country boiled water,.,现在分词与过去分词的区别：1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分,36,二、分词的作用,1、作定语,分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。,（1）前置定语,He is a,promising,young man.,Make less noise. Theres a,sleeping,child.,We only sell,used,books.我们只卖用过的书。,（2）后置定语,The young man,sitting between John and Mary,is the editor of the campus newspaper.,现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。,.,二、分词的作用1、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修,37,The bridge,built,last month needs repairing.,上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。,（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后， 相当于一个定语从句。如：,Those,who wish to join,the club should sign here,(Those,wishing to join this club,should sign here.,),想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。,The man,who had been disturbed,so badly, almost lost his memory.),由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。,(The man,having been disturbed,so badly, almost lost his memory.,.,The bridge built last month ne,38,（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：,the question discussed yesterday,昨天讨论的问题（既表示被动也表示完成）,the fallen leaves,落下的树叶(只表示完成，不表示被动),2、作表语,分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：,She was too frightened to move.,她被吓得一动不动。,What you said is really,inspiring,.,你所说的真令从鼓舞。,.,（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表,39,3、作宾语补足语,可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。,I saw him walking in the street.,我看见他在街上走。,I heard them singing in the classroom.,我听见他们在教室里唱歌。,We found the boy sleeping.,我们发现小孩睡着了。,.,3、作宾语补足语可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, wa,40,A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room,B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .,现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别,四、作状语,现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成,1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.,(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.,2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.,3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.,4.I stood by the door,not daring to say a word,.,.,A）I heard my brother ( singing,41,Hearing,the bad news,they,couldnt help crying.,When they,heard the,bad news,.,Hearing the bad news, When th,42,Given,more attention,the trees,could have grown,better.,If they had,been given more,attention,.,Given more attention,If they h,43,Being,so angry,he,couldnt go to sleep.,Because he was so angry,.,Being so angry, Because he was,44,They,came into the classroom,singing and laughing,.,and they were,singing laughing,.,They came into the classroom,a,45,To serve,the people well,I,study hard.,In order,to serve the people,well,.,To serve the people well,46,判断下列句子正误：,1. To learn English well, a lot,of practice must be done.,2. Seeing from the hill, the city,is more beautiful.,3. Heating , water will boil.,4. Getting there, the door was,found opened.,.,判断下列句子正误：1. To learn English w,47,判断句子正误并改正：,1, Being ill, his classmate sent,him to hospital.,2. To get there in time, he told,me to get up early.,3, Broken by Jim, I cant use,the cup.,.,判断句子正误并改正：1, Being ill, his cl,48,将下列状语从句改为非谓语,短语作状语：,1.,Because she was moved by,the hero, she decided to,study harder.,Moved by the hero,.,将下列状语从句改为非谓语Moved by the hero,49,2.,When he found the door,locked,he went home.,Finding the door locked,.,2. When he found the doorFindi,50,He started early,in order that,he could get there on time,.,to get there on time,.,He started early in order that,51,将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句,1. Not knowing her address,I cant write to her.,2. Entering the room,I saw a strange sight.,3, Scolded by the teacher,he was very sad.,.,将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句1. Not knowing,52,4.Not knowing where to go,he asked a policeman . 5. Hearing her friend was bad-,ly hurt, she burst into tears.6. Knowing his team had,won, he became happy at once.,.,4.Not knowing where to go, .,53,不定式时态、语态的用法,1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态,He wanted to see you,2. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态,When I came in ,he pretended to be reading a book,He is said to be writing a novel,3. 强调 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时,He is said to have written a novel . Im so glad to have seen you .,The ground is so wet ,It must have rained last night,不定式被动语态的用法.,A, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态,She asked to be sent to work in Tibet (宾语),The book is said to have been translated into English ( 或叫合,It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here (主 语),.,不定式时态、语态的用法1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时,54,句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被,动关系，也还要用主动语态,1, Give him some book to read Do you have any clothes to wash ?,“Do you have any clothes to be washed?” asked the maid,2, S +be+easy difficult hard pleasant interesting exciting ,comfortable +to do,This question is easy to answer The boy is difficult to teach,3, The house is to let The manager is to blame .The reason is,not far to seek .,4There be句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同,There is nothing to do now (we have nothing to do now )现在没事干,There is nothing to be done now (we can do nothing now )现在没什,么办法,There is nothing to see (nothing is worth seeing )没有东西值得看,There is nothing to be seen 看不见有什么东西,.,句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被.,55,分词时态、语态的用法,如果强调分词表示的动作 发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。,Not having finished his homework ,Tom was made to stay at school .,Having closed all the windows ,I went home,Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .,分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关,系时被动的，要用被动语态,1.Looking out of the window, I can see many cars and buses.,2.Seen from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful.,3.The teacher came in, _many students.(follow),4.The teacher came in, _by many students.(follow),following,followed,如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。,1. Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter.,2. The house being built now is a Hope Project School.,3. Passing by the accident scene, I saw the man badly hurt being,carried onto an ambulance.,.,分词时态、语态的用法 如果强调分词表示的动作,56,Task:,complete the following sentences,1.“（你有衣服要洗吗）?the maid asked.,2._(没有完成作业),Tom was forbidden to watch TV.,3._(正在刷油漆), the house was not allowed to enter.,4._(被邀请参加舞会), Mary felt excited.,5.The difficult maths problem _(很难算出）.,6.She was angry for _(没有被邀请）to the ball.,7.The thief stole into the store_(没人看到）,8.The flat _(出租）,9.The man who was on duty that day _(应受谴责）,10.They were proud of _(被派往西藏去工作）,11.When the teacher came in, Tom _(假装再看书）,12.Ni Ping is said _(写了一本名叫“日子”的书）,13.Song Dandan is said _(在写一本叫“月子”的书）,14._(从窗户往外看), I can see many tall buildings.,15._(从山顶往下看), the city looks more beautiful.,16._(他有很多活要干）.Dont bother him.,17._(他有很多活要干) and you can go ,too.,Do you have any clothes to be washed,Not having finished his homework,Being painted,Not having been invited to the ball,is difficult to work out,not having been invited,without being seen,is to let,is to blame,having been sent to work in Tibet,pretended to be reading,to have written a book called “The Days”,to be writing a book named “ The Months”,Looking out of the window,Seen from top of the hill,He has a lot of work to do,He has a lot of work to be done,.,Task: complete the following,57,分词的时态和语态,构成（以study和go为例）,及物与不及物动词,语态,时态,类别,及 物 动 词,不及物动词,主动语态,被动语态,主动语态,现在分词,一般式,studying,being studied,going,完成式,having studied,having been studied,having going,过去分词,一般式,studied,gone,.,分词的时态和语态构成（以study和go为例） 及物与不及,58,被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的完成动作。,1.The building being repaired is our library.,2.The question being discussed is very important.,3. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up.,完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.,2. Not having received his fathers letter, he decided to make a call to him.,.,被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的完成动作。,59,独立主格结构,一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。,独立主格,结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是,名词,或者,代词,，后一部分是,非谓语动词,(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做,状语,，多用于书面语。,独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。,Given more time, we could do it better.,Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.,.,独立主格结构 一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主,60,1独立主格结构的形式：,（1）名词 / 代词 + -ing分词及其短语,The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.The pupils are walking slowly, their teacher following.,（2）名词 / 代词 + -ed分词及其短语,Good-bye said, we went home.All things considered, it is a good plan.,.,1独立主格结构的形式：（1）名词 / 代词 + -ing分,61,（3）名词 / 代词 + 形容词及其短语,The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming.Dinner ready, the hostess asked her guests to be seated.,（4）名词 / 代词 + 不定式及其短语,The money to be paid by the driver, the police went away.Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.,.,（3）名词 / 代词 + 形容词及其短语The weath,62,（,5）名词 / 代词 + 副词及其短语,The meeting (being) over, we left the room.,（6）名词 / 代词 + 介词及其短语,She stood there, book in hand.Everybody at home, we sat down to dinner,.,.,（5）名词 / 代词 + 副词及其短语The meetin,63,2with + 复合宾语结构,这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。这种结构有较鲜明的特色。在这种结构中，with后的宾语相当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附带情况或细节的，
展开阅读全文