电子信息工程专业英语课件_参考

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,学习本课程的目的,本课程的主要内容,学习本课程的主要方式,.,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,学习本课程的目的,本课程的主要内容,学习本课程的主要方式,.,*,电子信息工程专业英语,English for,Electronic Information Engineering,By Jiang,Email,：,efforsn,1,.,电子信息工程专业英语English for By Jia,学习本课程的目的,掌握专业英文的阅读、翻译、写作的基本方法；,学习、积累英文专业词汇；,了解专业领域的一些技术、知识。,本课程的主要内容,专业英语基础知识,精选专业文献的阅读、讲解及翻译练习,专业文献,(,摘要,),的写作练习,学习本课程的主要方式,课前预习 课堂讲解重点难点 课后练习,课堂练习、小测,2,.,学习本课程的目的本课程的主要内容学习本课程的主要方式2.,建议,准备笔记本,准备英汉专业词典,要求,独立完成作业,遵守课堂纪律,3,.,建议要求3.,Lesson 0,科技英语基础知识,The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and Technical English,4,.,Lesson 0 科技英语基础知识,Lesson 0,科技英语基础知识,The Basic Knowledge,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.2,专业英文翻译概述,Translation,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,Translation,Methods,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols,and Expressions,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.7,专业英文的写作,Writing,5,.,Lesson 0 科技英语基础知识,科技英语与普通英语相比有自己的特点,:,常包含一些数据、公式、符号、图表、程序等,语言简练、结构严谨、表达明确、概念清晰,语法上特点：,常用一般现在时时态；,复杂长句多；,被动语态多；（“被”、“经过”、“受了”、“由于”）,非谓语动词多；（动名词、分词、不定式）,非人称语气，常用,It,作主语；,条件句多，常用,If,语句。,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,6,.,科技英语与普通英语相比有自己的特点:常包含一些数据、公式、,词汇的特点：,大量使用专业词汇、转意词汇；,较多使用词性转换,adjn,nv,等等；,较多使用词缀、词根，甚至用词缀词根创造新词；,大量使用专业缩写词；,新专业词汇、缩写词不断出现。,科技英语与普通英语相比有自己的特点,:,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,code,n.,码,v.,编码,variable,adj.,可变的，易变的,n.,变量,multiple,adj.,多样的,n.,倍数,the least common,合成词：,multi,meter,万用表，,inter,face,接口、界面,co,de-,dec,ode,codec,编解码,co,der-,dec,oder,codec,编解码器,mo,dulator-,dem,olator,modem,调制解调器,Inter,active-,net,work,internet,互联网、因特网,trans,mitter-re,ceiver,transceiver,收发器,GSM,GPRS,CDMA,GPS,CPU,USB,LCD,7,.,词汇的特点：科技英语与普通英语相比有自己的特点:0.1 科,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.1,长句,Long sentences,有两种方法简化长句，以正确把握长句句意,依据关键词简化词组。,e.g.,The ratio of,the capacitance with some material other than air between the plates,to,the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation,is called the dielectric constant,of that particular material.,ratio is called constant,依据谓语动词把复合句分解成一组简单句。,the ratio of A to B,：,A,与,B,的比率,Insulation,绝缘，,insulated,，,insulating,dielectric constant,介电常数,8,.,0.1 科技英语的特点 features0.1.1 长句,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.1,长句,Long sentences,e.g.,This,electron beam,sweeps,across each line,at,a uniform rate,，,then,flies back to scan,another line directly below the previous one and so on,，,until the horizontal lines,into which it is desired to break or split the picture,have been scanned,in,the desired sequence,electron beam,电子束,at,a uniform rate,以均匀的速率,scan,扫描,horizontal lines,水平行线,in,the desired sequence,按希望的顺序,9,.,0.1 科技英语的特点 features0.1.1 长句,e.g.,For,direct current and low-frequency alternating current(up to a few thousand cycles per second),the resistance is,reversely proportional to,the cross-sectional,area,of the path the current must travel;,that is,given,two conductors of the same material and having same length,but differing in crossing-sectional area,the one,with larger area,will have the lower resistance.,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.1,长句,Long sentences,resistance is reversely proportional to area,that is,one will have the lower resistance.,A,与,B,成,(,正,/,反,),比例,(directly),A be(reversely)proportional to B,(inversely),(direct),A be in(reverse)proportion/ratio to B,(inverse),(,reciprocal,),They are in a ratio of 3 to 7.,它们之间比率为,3,比,7,。,10,.,e.g.For direct current and l,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.1,长句,Long sentences,e.g.,These inexpensive and relatively fast digital circuits have,made it possible to,construct highly sophisticated digital,systems,that are capable of performing complex digital signal processing,functions and tasks,which are usually too difficult and/or too expensive to be performed by analog circuitry or analog signal processing systems,.,主干：,digital circuits have made it possible to construct digital systems,that,引导的定语从句修饰,digital systems,which,引导的定语从句修饰,functions and tasks,11,.,0.1 科技英语的特点 features0.1.1 长句,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,普通词汇,Common vocabularies,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,专业词汇,Speciality vocabularies,大部分是名词、名词词组，少量形容词，词意单一，用法简单。,12,.,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or word,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,专业词汇,Speciality vocabularies,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,electronic,电子的,mail,（,Email,）,electric,电的,voltage,，,current,，,resistance,electrical,电气的,engineer,，,property,electro-,电,-electromagnetic wave,，,electrodynamic,electrode,电极,anode,阳极、正极,cathode,阴极、负极,positive,阳性的、正的、正数,negative,阴性的、负的、负数,13,.,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or word,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,diode,二极管,triode,三极,(,真空,),管,oscillator,振荡器,oscilloscope,示波器,oscillo-,波动,radio,无线电、收音机,radar,雷达,laser,激光,Ohms law,欧姆定律,amplifier,放大器,transistor,晶体管、三极管,field-effect transistor,场效应晶体管（,FET,）,专业词汇,Speciality vocabularies,14,.,0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or word,转意词汇,Transfered words,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,从普通词汇借用、移植过来，赋予了专业含义。出现在专业文献中，一般就是使用其专业含义。,resistance,阻力,抵抗,敌对,电阻,(,值,),current,水流,气流,趋势,当前的,电流,charge,装载,起诉,负责,载荷,电荷,充电,circuit,周围,巡回,绕行,电路,15,.,转意词汇 Transfered words 0.1 科技英语,转意词汇,Transfered words,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,bus,公共汽车,总线,network,网、网状组织,网络,rectifier,修正者,整流器,monitor,班长,显示器、监视器,power,力量、动力,电源、功率、动力、电力、幂,field,田野,场地,领域,（电、磁）场,regulator,调整者,稳压器,16,.,转意词汇 Transfered words 0.1 科技英语,转意词汇,Transfered words,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,resistance,：电阻，电阻值,resistor,：电阻（器）,capacitance,：电容，电容值,capacitor,：电容,（器）,inductance,：电感，电感值,inductor,：电感,（器）,parallel,serial,：并行串行,parallel,series,：并联串联,analog,digital,：模拟的数字的,continuous,discrete,：连续的离散的,17,.,转意词汇 Transfered words 0.1 科技英语,转意词汇,Transfered words,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,有些单词的通用含义很接近，但它们的专业含义却完全不同，如：,differential,：微分,difference,：差分,probability,：概率,possibility,：可能性,转意词汇还有：,failure,，,relay,，,antenna,，,coherent,，,filter,，,spectrum,，,modulator,，,flip-flop,，,potential,carrier,line,loop,等等,18,.,转意词汇 Transfered words 0.1 科技英语,专业缩写词,Speciality,Abbreviations,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,FET,-field-effect transistor,场效应管,IC,-integrated circuit,集成电路,USB,-Universal Serial Bas,通用串行总线,AM,-amplitude modulation,幅度调制、调幅,FM,-frequency modulation,频率调制、调频,电子、电气技术发展飞速，新缩写词不断出现。,DC.dc.,-direct current,直流,AC.ac.,-Alternating current,交流,19,.,专业缩写词 Speciality Abbreviations,专业缩写词,Speciality,Abbreviations,有些是组织机构的缩写，如：,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,ITU-,International Telecommunications Union,国际电信联盟,IEEE-,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,电气与电子工程师协会,ISO,-,International Standardization Organization,国际标准化组织,还有,IEC,ANSI,，,AT&T,APT,等等,20,.,专业缩写词 Speciality Abbreviations,专业缩写词,Speciality,Abbreviations,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,LAN-,local area network,局域网,WWW-,world wide web,全球网、万维网,MAN,Metropolitan Area Network,城域网,WAN,Wide Area Network,广域网,HTTP,-,Hypertext Transfer Protocol,超文本传输协议,GPRS,-General Packet Radio Service,通用无线分组业务,ASCII-,American Standard Code for Information Interchange,美国信息交换标准码,ISDN-,integrated services digital network,综合业务数字网,21,.,专业缩写词 Speciality Abbreviations,专业缩写词,Speciality,Abbreviations,0.1,科技英语的特点,features,0.1.2,词汇,Vocabularies or words,还有：,CPU,RAM,ROM,DOS,RTOS,FTP,TCP/IP,LCD,LED,ADC,DAC,DSP,ADSL,PAL,NTSC,radar,laser,。等等,FFT-,Fast Fourier Transform,快速傅立叶变换,IFFT-,Inverse Fast Fourier Transform,逆快速傅立叶变换,ATM,-Automatic Teller Machine,自动取款机,Asynchronous Transfer Mode,异步转移（传递）模式,CRT-,Cathode Ray Tube,阴极射线管（显示器）,Chinese Remainder Theorem,中国剩余定理,存在不同全称含义对应同一个缩写形式的情况。,22,.,专业缩写词 Speciality Abbreviations,0.2,专业英文翻译概述,Translation,0.2.1,翻译的准则,The Criteria of Translation,信,True,达,Smooth,雅,Refined,e.g.,Because computers are,binary,machines,the program stored in a computers,main,memory,must be,in binary form,.Few programmers actually write,machine-level instructions,however.,因为计算机是二进制的机器，存储在计算机主存储器里的程序必须是二进制形式。然而，实际上极少程序员使用机器级的指令。,binary,二进制,octal,八进制,decimal,十进制,hexadecimal,十六进制,machine language,机器语言,assembler/assembly language,汇编语言,high-level language,高级语言,23,.,0.2 专业英文翻译概述 Translation0.2.1,0.2,专业英文翻译概述,Translation,0.2.1,翻译的准则,The Criteria of Translation,e.g.,In the AND circuit,“1”signals on all inputs give a“1”output;output is“0”,if all inputs are not“1”.,在“与”电路中,若所有输入端为“,1”,信号,则输出“,1”;,若所有输入端不是“,1”,则输出“,0”,。,在“与”电路中,若所有输入端为“,1”,信号,则输出“,1”;,若输入端不全为“,1”,则输出“,0”,。,错,24,.,0.2 专业英文翻译概述 Translation0.2.1,0.2.1,翻译的准则,The Criteria of Translation,e.g.,As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it,it is used as insulating material.,因为橡胶阻止电通过，所以用作绝缘材料。,e.g.,Waterloo Bridge,魂断蓝桥,因为橡胶不导电，所以用作绝缘材料。,信,达,雅,0.2,专业英文翻译概述,Translation,25,.,0.2.1 翻译的准则 The Criteria of,Step 1,先大致浏览一遍全文，了解专业背景，理解大意。,Step 2,查词典掌握生词含意。,Step 3,用中文将原作表达出来，力求忠实原作，通顺流畅，可对原作作适当增删或延伸。,Step 4,检查校对。,0.2.2,翻译的基本步骤,The steps of Translation,0.2,专业英文翻译概述,Translation,26,.,Step 1 先大致浏览一遍全文，了解专业背景，理解大意。,e.g.,In computer we use bit to represent the minimum data.,在计算机中我们用位来表示最小的数据。,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.1,直译,Literal Translation,翻译中，能够直译的情况较少，一般都需要做适当的变换、省略、增补等以符合中文的规范和习惯，达到“达”的标准。,27,.,e.g.In computer we use bit t,中文：动词使用更多，用法更灵活,英文：有冠词；大量使用介词,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2,变换,Changes in Translation,0.3.2.1,词性的变换,e.g.,The miniature,receiving antenna was developed as,an alternative to,that large one.,这种小型接收天线是为,取代,那种大型天线而研制的。,n.v.,28,.,中文：动词使用更多，用法更灵活0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2,变换,Changes in Translation,0.3.2.1,词性的变换,e.g.,Gases,differ,from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.,气体与固体的,区别,在于前者较后者有更大的可压缩性。,v.n.,e.g.,Reliability,features,this control system.,可靠性是这个控制系统的,特色,。,v.n.,29,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.2 变换 Ch,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2,变换,Changes in Translation,0.3.2.2,词序的变换,名词修饰语语序,e.g.,The main device failure mode is second breakdown.,主要器件的失效模式是二次击穿。,错,!,器件的主要失效模式是二次击穿。,30,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.2 变换 Ch,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2,变换,Changes in Translation,0.3.2.2,词序的变换,谓语状语语序,e.g.,Integrated circuits were successfully developed in American in 1958.,集成电路于,1958,年在美国研制成功。,英语词序：谓语方式状语地点状语时间状语,汉语词序：时间状语地点状语方式状语谓语,31,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.2 变换 Ch,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.2,变换,Changes in Translation,0.3.2.2,词序的变换,被动、主动语态,e.g.,An electric field can be produced by any charges present in space,.,电场可由空间存在的任何电荷所产生。,空间存在的任何电荷均会产生电场。,32,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.2 变换 Ch,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.3,省略,Ellipsis,通常省略冠词、介词、代词等,e.g.,Any substance is made of atoms,whether it is a gas,a liquid,or a solid.,任何物质,无论是气体、液体或固体,皆由原子组成。（省略冠词）,e.g.,It is thirty cubic meters in volume.,体积是,30,立方米。,(,省略代词,It,、介词,in),33,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.3 省略 El,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.4,增补,Supplements,e.g.,The first term of,Fourier series,is called the,fundamental,the others the,harmonics,.,傅里叶级数,的第一项称为,基波,其它,各项称为,谐波,。,e.g.,The first term of,Fourier series,is called the fundamental,the others,are called,the harmonics.,34,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.4 增补 Su,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.4,增补,Supplements,e.g.,The,attenuation,of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band,该滤波器的,衰减,在整个频带内接近恒定在,0.5 dB,以内。,该滤波器的,衰减,近于恒定,整个频带内的变化在,0.5 dB,以内。,35,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.4 增补 Su,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.4,增补,Supplements,reading,读,书,preparation,准备,工作,networking,联,网,a chip,一,片,芯片,three computer,三,台,计算机,The speed is fast.,速度,很,快。,the experts,专家,们,36,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.4 增补 Su,0.3,专业英文翻译的几种基本方法,0.3.5,引申,Extensions,e.g.,The product yield is,a sensitive function,of process control.,产品的成品率与工艺控制,密切相关,。,直译生硬、拗口时，可在正确理解原意的基础上适当引申。,e.g.,As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it,it is used as insulating material.,因为橡胶不导电，所以用作绝缘材料。,37,.,0.3 专业英文翻译的几种基本方法0.3.5 引申 Ex,数制,0.4.1,数制,Number systems,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,Big system:,(For engineering),Small system:,every order of magnitude,(For common using),American:,every three orders of magnitude,British:,every six orders of magnitude,every four orders of magnitude,38,.,数制 0.4.1 数制 Number syste,数制,0.4.1,数制,Number systems,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,语,39,.,数制 0.4.1 数制 Number syste,数量级,常使用对应的数量级缩写，作为单位的接头词,0.4.2,数量级和国际单位,Number systems,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,40,.,数量级 0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Num,0.4.2,数量级和国际单位,Number systems,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,41,.,0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Number s,国际单位制（部分）,量 单位 符号,length meter m,mass kilogram kg,time second s,angle radian rad,electric current ampere A,electric capacitance farad F,electric charge coulomb C,0.4.2,数量级和国际单位,Number systems,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,42,.,国际单位制（部分）0.4.2 数量级和国际单位,国际单位制（部分）,量 单位 符号,electric potential volt V,electric resistance ohm,electric frequency hertz Hz,electric inductance herry H,electric power watt W,thermodynamic Kelvin degree K,temperature Celsius degree ,0.4.2,数量级和国际单位,Number systems,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,43,.,国际单位制（部分）0.4.2 数量级和国际单位,0.4.2,数量级和国际单位,Number systems,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,kilometer:km picofarad:pF,millisecond:ms decibel:dB,Megabytes,：,MB,以,为单位：,in units of.,或,in,e.g.,an angle in radians,current in amperes,where f is in hertz and v is in volts,in thousands,in billions of dollars,注意单位名用复数形式,44,.,0.4.2 数量级和国际单位 Number s,A is N times as large/many/heavy/as B,A is N times larger/more/heavier/as B,A is larger/more/heavier/than B by N times,A,的大小,/,数量,/,重量,/,是,B,的,N,倍。,A,比,B,大,/,多,/,重,/N,1,倍。,0.4.3,数量的增减,Increase and Decrease,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,A double/treble/quadruple/quintuple,增加到二倍,/,三倍,/,四倍,/,五倍,e.g.,We double the voltage.,45,.,A is N times as large/many/hea,increase N times,increase to N times,increase by N times,increase by a factor of N,increase N-fold,increase N times as much/many/as,增加为,N,倍，或增加了,N-1,倍,（有另解）,0.4.3,数量的增减,Increase and Decrease,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,increase by x%,增加了,x,reduce by x%,减少了,x,46,.,increase N times 0.4.3 数,decrease N times,decrease to N times,decrease by N times,decrease by a factor of N,decrease N-fold,decrease N times as much/many/as,N-fold reduction/decrease,be N times less than,减少了,(N,1)/N,倍，或减少到,1/N,。动词还可换成,reduce,、,shorten,、,drop,、,cut down,等,0.4.3,数量的增减,Increase and Decrease,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,47,.,decrease N times 0.4.3 数,0.4.3,数量的增减,Increase and Decrease,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,e.g.,The switching time of the new type transistor is shortened by a factor of three.,译文,1:,新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。,译文,2:,新型晶体管的开关时间缩短为三分之一。,e.g.,The cost of TV sets was reduced by 70%.,电视机的成本降低了,70%,。,e.g.,The voltage has dropped five times.,电压下降了五分之四。,48,.,0.4.3 数量的增减 Increase an,maximum,、,minimum,、,peak,、,valley,、,average,、,mean,、,absolute,、,median,、,optimum,、,upper,、,lower,0.4.4,最大、最小、平均等,0.4,关于数量,Numbers and Quantities,e.g.,The maximum communication rate in this network is 64kbps.,e.g.,The upper working temperature limit of this machine is 45,.,温度上限,e.g.,lower frequency limit,、,average traffic load,、,peak value,49,.,maximum、minimum、peak、valley、av,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.1,常用数学符号,Mathematic symbols,50,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,补充,:,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.1,常用数学符号,Mathematic symbols,a half ,one half,a third ,one third,two thirds,one hundred and thirteen,over,three hundred,four and two thirds,Zero(O,naught)point two five,51,.,补充:0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,add,v.,加,addend,加数,summand,被加数,adder,、,summer,加法器,plus,prep.,加上,a.n.,正,(,的,),subtract,v.,减,subtrahend,减数,minuend,被减数,subtracter,减法器,minus,prep.,减去，,a.n.,负,(,的,),52,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,multiply,v.,乘,multiplier,乘数、系数、乘法器、倍增器,multiplicand,被乘数,multiple,倍数,divide,v.,除,divider,除数、系数、除法器、分频器,dividend,被除数,divisor,除数、因子、分压器、约数,53,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,add,a,to,b,is,c,a,adds,b,is,c,a,and,b,is,c,a,plus,b,is,c,subtract,b,from,a,a,subtracts,b,b,from,a,a,minus,b,multiply,a,by,b,a,multiplied by,b,a,times,b,divide,a,by,b,a,divided by,b,b,into,a,a,over,b,a,b,a b,a b,a/b,a+b=c,54,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,x,squared,the square of,x,the second power of,x,x,to the second power,x,cubed,the cube of,x,the third power of,x,，,x,to the third power,the,n,th power of,x,，,x,to the power of,n,the square root of,x,，,root,x,the cube root of,x,the,n,th root of,x,55,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,log,b,to the base,a,the logarithm of,b,to the base,a,sine,cosine,tangent,log,x,to the base,10,common logarithm,log,x,to the base,e,natural logarithm,cotangent,arc sine,arc cosine,56,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,the summation of,x,sub,i,where,i,goes from,1,to,n,the product of,x,sub,i,where,i,goes from,1,to,n,the differential coefficient of,y,with respect to,x,the first derivative of,y,with respect to,x,the,n,th derivative of,y,with respect to,x,57,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,the partial derivative of,y,with respect of,u,where,y,is a function of,u,and another variable(s),integral of,double integral of,n-fold integral of,integral between limits,a,and,b,(.from,a,to,b,),58,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,factorial,n,the absolute value of,x,the mean value of,x,x,bar,x,prime,function,f,of,x,59,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,integer,decimal,fraction,rational number,irrational number,real number,imaginary number,positive number,negative number,complex number,singular number,plural number,even number,odd number,prime number,base number,random number,n-digit number,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,60,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.5,关于数学符号和数学式,Mathematic symbols and Expressions,0.5.2,常用数学式,Mathematic Expressions,function,equation inequality,expression,formula,variable (IV:independent DV:dependent ),constant,parameter,coefficient,factor,61,.,0.5 关于数学符号和数学式 Mathematic sym,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.1,图,Figures,图的编号,Figure 1,Figure 2,对于较短的文章，可将所有图按顺序统一编号如：,Fig.1,Fig.2,对于较长的文章，可将所有图分章节编号如：,Figure 1-1,Figure1-2,Figure 2-1,Figure 2-2,Fig.1-1,Fig.1-2,Fig.2-1,Fig.2-2,62,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.1,图,Figures,图的来源,Fig.1 the AT&T telephone hierarchy.,(,Source:,Andrew S.Tandenbaum.Computer Networks),如果图是自己创作的，可不作说明，如果是引自其它文献，则有必要在图旁或题后注明来源：,63,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.1,图,Figures,block diagram,schematic diagram,circuit diagram,connection diagram,wiring diagram,phase diagram,state diagram,signal state diagram,Venn diagram,与图有关的表达用语,方框图,示意图原理图,电路图线路图,连接图接线图,布线图,相位图,状态图,信号状态图,维恩图文氏图,64,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.1,图,Figures,与图有关的表达用语,line graph,curve line graph,broken line graph,bar graph,statistical chart/diagram,flow chart,diagrammatic sketch,Vectogram,histogram,线图,曲线图,折线图,条形图,统计图表,流程图,示意图略图,矢量图向量图,直方图柱状图,65,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.1,图,Figures,与图有关的表达用语,Something may,be described by the block diagram,shown in Figure 1-1,.,Figure 6-1 illustrates,the relationship among,A,B,and,C.,Figure 14-1 shows a simplified block diagram of,something.,The scanning procedure is illustrated in Figure 2-1.,66,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.1,图,Figures,与图有关的表达用语,In Figure 2-2,As the figure shows,as illustrated in Figure 2-2.,In the analog world,images are usually presented as horizontal raster lines,(see Figure 14-2).,67,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.2,表,Tables,表的编号,Table 1,Table 2,类似于图的编号如：,Tab.1,Tab.2,Table 1-1,Table1-2,Tab.1-1,Tab.1-2,68,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.6,关于图、表,Figures and Tables,0.6.2,表,Tables,表的来源,类似于图的来源,Tab.1 A comparison of semiconductor diodes and LEDs as light sources,(Source:Andrew S.Tandenbaum.Computer Networks),69,.,0.6 关于图、表 Figures and Tables,0.7,专业英文写作,Writing,0.7.1,英文科技论文的体例,the,Style,长篇科技报告,FRONT,前部,Front cover,Title page,Letter of transmittal,Distribution list,Preface or foreword,Acknowledgment,Abstract,Table of contents,List of illustration,70,.,0.7 专业英文写作 Writing 0.,0.