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英语写作基础上课的要求1准准备白白纸,A4最最好好,准准备一一个个夹子,子,铅笔笔2多多说英英语3按按时交作交作业Writing makes an exactman.总纲:语法被误解了总纲:语法被误解了语言语言=规则规则+词汇词汇1逻辑:单复数,主动被动,时间,逻辑:单复数,主动被动,时间,动作类别,具体动作动作类别,具体动作2功能:功能:subject主语主语adj+(S)adj+adv+V+O+adv3标志:标志:冠词冠词助动词,并列连词,从属连词助动词,并列连词,从属连词举例证明逻辑虚拟语气(和现在相反的虚拟语气)If过去式,主句S+would,should,could,might+V第一章格式第一章格式标题=话题+控制词(我的课堂要求)标题形式1一个完整陈述句子2一个完整问句3名词短语4标点问号是可用的,别的最好不用,引号和逗号看情况1MyFirstVisittotheMountainResort肯定句2WhatCanSmokingDotoUs?直接疑问句3WhatReformMeanstoChina间接疑问句4WilliamS.HartandtheEarlyWeaternFilm句号,单引号(标题单引号,引言双引号5TheStylisticInfluenceof“TheOldManandtheSea”大写句子专有名词Ananonymoussourcewithclosetiesto+Ananonymoussourcecloseto+Anarticlequotedfrom(in)CDpublishedonMay6th,20101 He said,“My trip to theSummer Palace was interestingbuttiring.”Sheanswered,“Atweekend.”2“My trip to the SummerPalace,”he said,“wasinterestingbuttiring.”大写大写顺便看看引号便看看引号3Shesaid,“Tomsaidthen,JennyisadumbDora.”DearSirorMadam,DearSirorMadam:第第 二二 章章 名名 词 模模 块第一第一节名名词的数的数1马比耗子大。比耗子大。2金子比金子比银子子贵。3苦苦难是朋友。是朋友。名词的类指 物质名词的类指 抽象名词的类指SpringFestivalGalaisheldontheeveofChinese New Year.Gala是是可可数数,可可是是在在提提到到 SpringFestivalGala作作为通通指指概概念念,不不加加冠冠词的的,除除非非说是是2011春晚春晚普通名普通名词组成的成的专有名有名词小小张去公园去公园给猴子拍照片。猴子拍照片。Mr.Zhangwenttotheparktotakephotosofmonkeys.思考思考1快毕业了,大学生在找工作。2我们班女生爱穿裙子。3当女人爱上男人,她们就失去了理智。4中秋节真的让人想家。1Ongraduation,collegegraduateswanttofindajob.2Thegirlsinourclasslikeskirts.3Whenawomanlovesaman,shecanbeoutofmind.4touchoffatrainofhomethoughtsprovokenostalgiclonging2 名词的逻辑单复数,冠词,代词,数词用手捂脸TOM一拳打Jerry在脸上(总-分)TomhitJerryintheface.第二第二节 名名词的分的分类1专有名有名词我我们有两个有两个John。有个叫有个叫John的找你。的找你。SomeJohn(AJohn)calledon/visited你真是雷你真是雷锋。YouareaLeiFeng.第二节名词的分类第二节名词的分类普通名词1个体名词2集合名词3物质名词4抽象名词集合名词谓语总用复数的cattlethepolicemilitiapeople,poultry,clergy,vermin谓语单数furnitureclothing,machinery,poetry,traffic,jewelry物质名词fruit(apple特别)抽象名词Itispartoftheplan.有一些就是整体,成员特别family我们是一家人。Wearefamily.物质名词物质名词Smoke烟雾还是具体一缕烟,一支烟Grass一叶草abladeofgrassFire火灾可数,火炉可数Afirebrokeoutinthekitchen.Theysitaroundthefire.不可数变可数不可数变可数2.1不可数不可数变可数可数1)种类我爱各种食物。Ilovefoods.2)个体brickgoldgoldenglass3)转义4)抽象变具体powerbeauty我有很多种钢。Ihavesteels.他朝我扔一个石头。Hethrowsastoneatme.WhatIneedisaniron.Yourareatrouble.北语就是一个小联合国。BLCUisaUNinminiaturesize.2.2 可数变不可数1goto(beat)schoolprisonchurchhospitalhome(特殊)tohavetoomuchfamilytohavetoomuchwintertohavetoomuchmouthtohavetoolittleeartohaveroomforTohavetooheavyfamilytoburdentohaveatoolongspellofcoldweathertotalktoomuchtobenotinclinedtolistentootherstohaveaneedfor3 Much of a fool enough of a 3 Much of a fool enough of a man man 4 by4 by通信,交通通信,交通 car air sea car air sea land snail mailland snail mail MuchofafoolHeisasmuchofafooltogiveuphislawfulrights.MuchofamanHeismuchofamantofacetheadversesituation.第三节 名词的功能3.1主主语和和宾语Tomlovesyou.Shedoesntlikenaughtychildren.Thepeachtastessweat.Thedude/guy/buddy/manistowering.Ilovepears.1)动作发出者(Tom爱你。)Ilovepears.2)动作承受者(她不喜欢淘气小孩子。)3)动作感受者(桃子尝起来很甜。)4)谈论话题(那个兄弟很高。)哪个是主语?一定是主语的:3 3)动动作感受者作感受者(桃子(桃子尝尝起来很甜。)起来很甜。)4 4)谈论话题谈论话题(那个兄弟很高。)(那个兄弟很高。)可以是主可以是主语语的的1 1)动动作作发发出者(出者(我我爱爱你。)主你。)主动动句句2 2)动动作承受者(她不喜作承受者(她不喜欢欢淘气小孩子。)淘气小孩子。)被被动动句句3 3)Pearsarelovedbyme.(Pearsarelovedbyme.(介介词宾语词宾语)看清楚动词性质1 1)动动作作发发出者(出者(我我爱爱你。)你。)Ilovepears.Ilovepears.2 2)动动作承受者(她不喜作承受者(她不喜欢欢淘气小孩子。)淘气小孩子。)3 3)动动作感受者作感受者(桃子(桃子尝尝起来很甜。)起来很甜。)4 4)谈论话题谈论话题(那个兄弟很高。)(那个兄弟很高。)Iloveyou.及物动词及物动词Shedoesntlikenaughtychildren.及物动词及物动词Thepeachtastessweat.系动词系动词Thedude/guy/buddy/manistowering.be动词动词Ilovepears.及物动词及物动词3.2 所有格所有格的意义基本等同形容词性物主代词猫的问题TomscatTomandHelenscatisacutecreature.TomandHelenscatdependoneachotherindifficulty.TomsandHelencats其他基本变法其他基本变法1若名词已有复数词尾又是s,只加“”students2不 定 代 词 后 接 else,所 有 格 放 在 else 上。例somebodyelsesbag3 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。the tailors 裁缝店,the barbers理发店,go to thedoctors上诊所,atmyuncles在我叔叔家4表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示所有格。如:todays newspaper,half an hoursrest,twoweekswork,tenminuteswalk,Chinaspopulation,Shanghaisindustry5无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。the students of their school,theteachersofGrade26表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如:He is an old friend of my fathers.ThisisapictureofMarys.其他修饰词a(an),two,any,someseveral,no,few,another或this,that,these,those之类的修饰语(这个修饰语一般不能是one和the)。练习练习我父亲的一个老朋友Anoldfriendofmyfather我姨妈那个可爱的孩子Thatlovelybabyofmyaunts我姐姐两个同学Twoclassmatesofmysisters我老公的任何朋友Anyfriendofmyfriends对比aportraitofMrBrowns一张由布朗先生画的或收藏的肖像aportraitofMrBrown一张布朗先生的肖像acriticismofMrHamiltons汉密尔顿先生作的一次批评acriticismofMrHamilton对汉密尔顿先生的一次批评文体风格ThechimneyofthefactoryTheapplicationofthetheorytothepracticalproductionproveseffective.Thewarmthoftheroomdrivesmesleepy.ThemasteryofEnglishrequiresdilligence.介词介词+名词名词1介词+名词=adjoradv2forinstance,forexampleIlikefriut,forinstance,apples,pearsandpeaches.3athand(时间,距离)很近onhand现有,手头有Inhand在处理的,掌控inthehandsof受控制形容词形容词1修饰名词,只有形容词的累加,不借助并列连词2冠词,指示代词,形容词性物主代词,名词所有格,(互相排斥)这几个词都是限定词,一类限定词,(互相排斥)3.好美小高状奇新,彩色国料特别亲第三章 动词模块动词的逻辑语态就是逻辑关系N-V主谓关系-主动句vingortodoN-V动宾关系-被动句ed时态的根本是时间先后完成与未完成动作类别与具体动作动词分类动词分类1及物不及物2动态动词与静态动词1.21动态动词延续write,run,watch瞬间knock,open,shut,finish,buy,borrow转换 come,go,arrive,leave,become,turn,grow,change,get(=become),depart感觉ache,hurt1延续动词涉及是动作类别还是具体动作Hewritesaletter.(错)Heiswritingaletter.(具体动作)Doesherunorwalk?Hewalks.(动作类别)瞬间动词瞬间动词瞬间动词进行时是转义Heistappingonthedoor.不停地敲门Heisshuttingthedoor.不断摔门1)IfGodshutsadoor,hewillopenawindowforyou.2)Whenonedoorshuts,anotheropens.Heistoshutthedoor.3)Godnevershutsonedoorbutheopensanother.天无绝人之路转换动词转换动词1)come,go,become,turn,grow,get(=become),其实这都是系动词Cometruegoworsebecomedangerous2)comegoleavedepartarrive位置转换3)Change感觉动词HurtacheMyeyesareburning.1.22 1.22 静态动词静态动词 1“存在”和“拥有”:be,have,own,belong,exist,hold(容纳),resemble(长得像)2度量cost,weigh,measure3五官感觉see,hear,taste,smell,feel,sound4 心 理 状 态 believe,think,know,remember,forget,understand,love,like,hate,detest静态动词进行时静态动词进行时1.转义IHeisbeingsilly.故意地,但是不能故意tall,negro2实义动词含义Iamhavinglunch.=eating3感情色彩always,constantlycontinually,forever4越来越Heisresemblinghisfather.1.23 动作类指还是具体动作1)Hewritesaletter.一定是错的2)Hewritesalettereveryday.3)Heiswritingaletter.4)Hewrotealetter.5)Shedidntrespondtoit,sohehaswrittenanothertenletters.1.3 逗号的意义以及分号1)逗号的意义是相当于语气的停顿,不承担句法syntax功能,不能直接连接句子,必须要搭配连词。在一个句子中,最后累加相同成分,最后逗号是and,or代替的2)分号可以连接两个分句。两个分句,如果用逗号,一定要配连词1.4 两个动词谓语动词的叠加1)我冲出教室,跳过篱笆,在操场猛跑。2)我冲出教室,跳过篱笆,在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。3)他跳但是一下跌倒了。4)我没冲出教室,跳过篱笆,在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。1 1)I I rushed rushed out out of of the the classroom,classroom,jumped jumped over over the the fence and dashed on the sports field.fence and dashed on the sports field.2 2)I I rushed rushed out out of of the the classroom,classroom,jumped jumped over over the the fence fence and and dashed dashed on on the the sports sports field field to to express express my ecstasy.my ecstasy.3 3)He jumped but fell down to the ground.He jumped but fell down to the ground.4 4)I I didnt didnt rush rush out out of of the the classroom,classroom,jump jump over over the the fence fence or or dash dash on on the the sports sports field field to to express express my ecstasy.my ecstasy.思考思考1)and,or,but都可以并列什么?特殊一点冠词承前省略Areyouateacherorstudent?2)下边句子的否定句Hejumpedbutfelldowntotheground.Hejumpedbutfelldowntotheground.Hedidntjumpandfalldowntotheground.Hedidntjumpandfalldowntotheground.1.5实义动词与be动词1.51实义动词实际动作意义的动词1.52Be动词用来表示主语性质或状态,只有be一词,可以接名词,形容词,副词(时间,地点等)介词词组,代词,不定式,动名词,ed分词,从句句子变短语句子变短语Theboyisasinger.Thegirlisdangerous.Thebikeisthere.Thepictureonthewall.Thisishim.TheactressistoplayapartasJingqiuin.ThemanisbeatenbyDaijun.Thefilmismoving.Theskillisswimming.1)持续系动词keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,StayhealthystaysafekeepfitkeephealthyThehousestandsempty.Thetownliesinruins.试比较Shestandsstill.思考后接词性?Adj为主,特殊的名词1.53 1.53 系动词系动词接词特别一点的接词特别一点的Proveturnout其实是个省略了tobe如何变句子Theclothfeelssoft.TheclothfeelingsoftThehousestandsempty.Thehousestandingempty.1.6 时态意义(逻辑内涵)时间先后,完成与未完成,动作类别与具体动作,主动与被动(语态)1.61一般现在时 1常用常用时间标志志 often,usually,everyday,now,seldom2表表计划的划的终止性止性动词,现在表将来在表将来begin,start,come,go,have,arrive,return,stop,open,close,takeoff,seesb.offWhendoesthetrainarrive?1.621.62一般过去式一般过去式1)没有前因后果的完成。老李回家了。Tom去了图书馆。2)过去是现在不是。Iwasyoung。3)过去发生的事情。1.631.63现在完成时现在完成时过去发生的事情对现在有影响。1)1)常常用用for和和since表表示示一一段段时间的的状状语或或sofar,now,today,thisweek/year,already,yet,ever,just,before等等.during特特别2)come,go,die,buy等等 的的 完完 成成 时 不不 能能 与与 for,since等表示一段等表示一段时间的的词连用。用。Havebeendoing(不不确确定定完完成成,有有可可能能继续)1.641.64一般将来时一般将来时Will书面Begoingto口语,计划不变Beaboutto最快Beto最正式Willbedoing最形象By2020,allthecitizensinChinawillhavebeenentitledtothebenefitsofsocialsecurity.截止到将来某一点会发生的事情1.651.65过去完成时过去完成时A,B两件事,B事发生在过去,A事发生在B事前。A事就是过去完成时。进行时Be+ving1未完成2表达情绪,同always,often,forever(永远、不断),continually3表将来IamhopingthatIcanhearfromyou4持续1.7 副词 中位副词often,always,seldom,hardly,情态动词,be动词后,实义动词前We ate steak happily on Saturday at Lis house.(Manner,place,time)第四章 句子模块句子句子汉英英对照照1.1主主语1.11汉语主主语 在在汉语里里,主主语一一般般可可以以理理解解为一一个个话题方位词:桌子上有一本书。1.12英语主语名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当时间,地点,方位词组,一般都不可以做主语,只能做状语。1.2 谓语1.21汉语谓语谓语是陈述主语的,说明主语怎么样或是什么,因此谓语通常由动词、形容词或副词,名词充任1.3英英汉主主谓转换1)汉语的的谓语动词,2)无无动词谓语的的,(特特别的的,表表示示日日期期、节令令、天天气气,补出形式主出形式主语it)3)“有有”1.4 副词顺序英文顺序状语+(定语)主(定语)+中位状语谓+(定语)宾(定语)+状语顺序是方式+地点+时间汉语顺序状语+(定语)主+状语+谓+(定语)+宾1.5 主语的确定1.51主语的确定1)那个地方(有个金矿)2)明年5月以前,就结婚了。3)100元,她买了一双鞋。4)调查研究发现真相。5)细心,你才可以不犯错。6)通过王教授的帮助,我们获得了实验的成功。7)运用科学的办法解决实际问题。1)Thereisagoldmineatthatplace.2)The marriage cerimony will havebeenheldbeforenextMay.3)With100yuan,sheboughtapairofshoes.4)Throughinvestigationandstudy,wecandisclosethetruth.5)Withcare,youcanavoidmakingmistakes.6)WiththehelpfromProfessorWang,wehavemadeasuccessfulexperiment.7)Byadoptingascientificmethod,wecansovlepracticalproblems.总结:时间,地点,方式,手段在英文中不做主语。1.521.52客观的风格客观的风格英文更注重客观事实,抽象思维1)这时我激动得说不出话来。2)我突然有了一个想法。1)Wordsfailedmeatthemoment.2)An idea suddenly occurres tome.3)北京地区由于近年加强了植树造林,在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。The expansion of woods in someplaces around Beijing these yearsattractsquiteafewrarebirds.QuiteafewrarebirdscometosettledowninsomeplacesaroundBeijingthanks to the expansion of woodstheretheseyears.5)重点是普及义务教育,积极发展职业教育和成人教育。We must lay emphasis on makingcompulsoryeducationuniversal,vigorouslydevelopingvocationalandadulteducation.Ouremphasismustbelaidon.5)他亲自主持了党中央召开的全国大会,大会上他说:每个干部必须做人民的公仆。HepresidedovertheNationalConference convened by the PartyCentral Committee at which he saidthat every cadre must be a publicservant.“Every cadre must be a publicservant,”he said at the PartysNationalConferencehepresidedover.6)他们公司在产品的包装和宣传上明显比不上竞争对手。Thepackingandadvertisingpropaganda of that company cantobviouslycomparewiththeircompetitor.Theircompanyisobviouslyinferiortotheir rival in product packaging andadvertising.1.6 两个基本逻辑结构Informationstructure=giveninformation+newinformation我买一个包。包花了我300块。300块是爸爸给的。他们在山上建了个庙。庙里有个老和尚。老和尚养了一只小狗。小狗叫旺财There be There be 句型句型Thereisacar.Theleftwindowofthecarwasbroken.1.611无灵主语Now,It is widely(commonly,generally)believed(thought,held,accepted,felt,recognized,acknowledged)thatS+V+O事事件件的的原原因因和和结果果同同时出出现时,英英汉差差异异,英英语结果果在在前前时候多一些。候多一些。形式宾语MakeitpossibleThinkitimportantIt=todo,that从句,动名词这笔钱使得我们可以顺利建立这个公司。The money has made it possible for us to set up thecompany.我们觉得节省能源是很重要的。Wethinkitimportanttosaveenergy.1.62 1.62 强调(句首)强调(句首)1.621倒装,1).全部倒装(FullInversion),又称主谓倒装(Subject-verbInversion)。Herearesomelettersforyou.Downpouredtherain.Intothecoachscrambledthechildren.(1)用于由here,there,now,then等副词引导的句子,通常称作把时间状语或地点状语提前的倒装句,其谓语动词通常跟在时间状语或地点状语之后。ThencameanewideathatS+V+O(2)当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时,常将状语放在句首,主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡,避免头重脚轻。Faintgrowthesoundofthebell.2).2).部分倒装部分倒装(Partial(Partial InversionInversion)(1)句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,常用部分倒装。nosoonerthan,hardly,(scarcely,hardly)when,一。就。Nosoonerhaswesteppedonthetrainthanitsetsoff.前句完成时,后句一般时(2)(2)句首是句首是 only only 引导的状语引导的状语Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.(3)sothat结构中的so置于句首时,需要部分倒装。Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.tosuchadegree/extent,tosuchanextreme,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等状语时,句子需要部分倒装。(4)用于以neither,nor开始的省略句,表示“也不”;用于以so开始的省略句,表示“也如此”。Hedidnotlikerockmusic,neitherdidI.试着比较Iwillgothere,sowillI.Iamhungry,soamI.I want to eat noodles with bean paste and I do so.Noodleswithsoybeansauce/paste1.6221.622强调句强调句Itis/was+被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其它部分。翻译1)是Tom昨天打碎了Jack家的那个窗户。ItisTomwhobroke.2)是孩子带给人类希望。Itischildrenwhobringhopeforhumanbeings。1)itisthat(who)通吃2)时态的统一3)数的统一.ItisyesterdaythathemetLiPing.1.623 what1.623 what从句从句我不得不离开北京。IhavetoleaveBeijing.WhatIhavetodois(to)leaveBeijing.特殊Whatwehaveareninedogs.1.7基本句子结构1.71基本句子结构1)S+V2)S+V+A3)S+V+O4)S+V+O+A5)S+V+O+O6)S+V+O+C(complement)7)S+V+C推荐推荐6)S+V+O+C7)S+V+CThesunrosered.Hewenthome,tiredandhungry.Hewasleft,highanddry.Shewokeuponedayamother.Youwokeuponedayanoldmannotayouguy.1.72 1.72 简单句简单句简单句:只有一个主谓的句子,叫做简单句。(并列,逗号)andorbutMary,Jane and I decide to go tokaraoke.You have an apartment,a car and awife.Idonthaveasmoke,abeerorhiddenreserves.1.721 1.721 拉拢:并列谓语拉拢:并列谓语and or but and or but 我冲出教室,跳过篱笆,在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。Irushedoutoftheclassroom,jumpedover the fence and dashed in thesportsfieldtoexpressmyecstasy.He jumped but fell down to theground.我没冲出教室,跳过篱笆,在操场猛跑来表达我内心的喜悦。I didnt rush out of the classroom,jump over the fence or dash in thesportsfieldtoexpressmyecstasy.1.7221.722打击:非谓语应用打击:非谓语应用Heenteredtheroom,carryingabook.1.723残缺句子请大家在书上做练习。1.731.73为什么要有从句为什么要有从句 连词的意义和连接性副词都是表达逻辑,连接性质的副词不能象连词一样分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。也就是说它们不能连接两个分句或引导从句。它们引导的句子与前面的句子之间要用分号或句号,而它们与引导的句子之间往往用逗号。连接副词分类连接副词分类1)表示顺序的,如first,in the firstplace,then,finally,intheend等等。尤其要注意then.如:2)表示递进关系的,如in addition,whatismore,furthermore,moreover等。注意inaddition与inadditionto的区别:inaddition是副词性质;而inadditionto是介词性质,后面必须接宾语。3)表示转折关系的,如however,nevertheless,nonetheless,onthecontrary,incontrast,等等。要注意不要把however当成连词:4)表 示 结 果 的,如 therefore,consequently,thus,hence,as aresult等。尤其要注意therefore,thus等不是连词以及hence的用法。如:5)举例的,如for example,forinstance,takefor example等。注意,forexample,forinstance是副词性质,举例说明时,前面要用句号;takefor example本身是一个句子结构。6)表示条件的,意思为“否则”,如otherwise等,注意它们不是连词。1.74 Run-on1.74 Run-on串句串句1)Run-onsentence串句:修改串句有三种方法:1)将其分成两个句子;2)用连词连接两个句子;3)用分号连接两个句子。1.8 并列句(并列(并列连词andbutsoforornor)其其基基本本结构构是是“简单句句+并并列列连词+简单句句”。并并列列连词有有:and,but,or,so,for等等.并并列列句句中中的的各各简单句句意意义同同等等重重要要,相相互互之之间没没有有从从属属关关系系,是是平平行行并并列列的关系。它的关系。它们之之间用用连词连结。平行结构平行结构and,or和but都是连词,在句中连接两个或两个以上的并列成分。可连接两个词,两个短语,两个分句,但所连接的两个成分必须一致,绝不能一个是词,一个是句子。Notonlybutalsoneither.norboth.andnot.butShe loves not because SVO butbecauseSVOAsadjasmorethan平行结构句型Thestudentsareasbrightasthoseinyourschool.ThepopulationofChinaistentimesmorethanthatofJapan.替代可数与不可数1.9 复合句1.91宾语从句一个句子做了整个主句的宾语。该句子就是宾语从句。我说我是一个老师。IsaidIwasateacher.她说你真是一个老师么?Sheaskedif/wetherIwasateacher(ornot)她说那您什么时候毕业的啊?SheaskedwhenIhadgraduated.1.9111.911宾语从句宾语从句=S+V+=S+V+标志词标志词+陈述句陈述句1)标志词(1)That肯定句标志,不承担任何语义成分,注意与that在定语从句区别(2)whether/if一般疑问句标志,承担语气功能“是否”(3)who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever,when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however承担成分引 导 宾 语 从 句 的 形 容 词 有:sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised2)时态:主现从随便,主过从随过,真理永不变3)代词调整1.921.92主语从句主语从句常规主语从句,即句子在复合句中充当一个主语小结:1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等2)连词位于句首,不能省略3)主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数,但也有例外,如例(9)1.9221.922尾重处理尾重处理1)Itiscertainthathewillwinthematch.2)Itistruethathehasmadeaveryimportantdiscoveryinchemistry.3)Itisverylikelythattheywillholdameeting.4)Itisstrangethatheshoulddothat.什么时候不尾重?还有宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句和定语从句用that的2.0 同位语从句首都北京2.01同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句名 词 通 常 有 news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,word消息)possibility3)英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连 接 副 词 how,when,where等。(注:if,which不能引导同位语从句。)4)有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。(尾重处理)2.02 2.02 插入语插入语同位语,从句,两边都用上逗号或者破折号,这就是插入语了。thatis(tosay),asitis,asyoucansee,asIseeit,这个是写作亮点句型2.1 状语从句2.11:Studytheproverbs1)Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。2)WheninRomedoastheRomansdo.入乡随俗。4)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者,事竟成。2.12 Translate the following 2.12 Translate the following sentences using adverbial clause.sentences using adverbial clause.1)我正在街上走着,突然我遇到了一个老朋友。I was walking in the street when Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.2)就算我可能失败一百次,我也不会放弃。AlthoughImayfailahundredtimes,Iwontgiveup.3)只有当战争结束了,人们才能过上幸福的生活。Onlywhenthewarwasovercouldpeopleliveahappylife.4)无论发生什么事,他也不会改变主意。Nomatterwhathappens,hewontchangehismind.5)这些问题这么难,以致没有一个学生能解答出来。Theproblemsweresodifficultthatnoneofthestudentscouldworkthemout.Sodifficultweretheproblemsthatnoneofthestudentscouldworkthemout.6)我刚出门,天就下起雨来了。Ihadhardlygoneoutwhenitbegantorain.HardlyhadIgoneoutwhenitbegantorain.7)直到老师告诉他答案,他才意识到自己的错误。Hedidntrealizehismistakeuntiltheteachertoldhimtheanswer.Notuntiltheteachertoldhimtheanswerdidherealizehismistake.2.2 独立主格“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。一般独立主格形式n.+-ed/-ing;n.+不定式;n.+介词短语;n.+形容词;n.+副词.;2.29不能省略being(havingbeen)的情形:(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。(2)在Therebeing名词的结构中。2.291特别的:“名词(或代词)介词短语”独立主格结构,形容词性物主代词和冠词。MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinherhand.2.3 省略状语分句省略状语分句的要求及方法2.31状语从句主语和主句主语一致,留下连词,从句be动词句,省主语和be动词;从句实义动词句,从句省主语,变分词。When still a young man,he wasforcedtoworkinacoalmine.As seen in the video,the victimsundergroundarehealthy.2.4悬垂修饰语非谓语做状语时,其逻辑主语英语句子中的主语一致。但有时非谓语的逻辑主语与其所在句子中的主语并不一致,拥有这种现象的分词,叫做垂悬修饰语。Lookingoutofthewindowofourhotelroom,therearelotsofmountains.Sitting under an apple tree one night,an idea came toNewton.2.40“2.40“悬垂分词悬垂分词”例外情况例外情况 独立分词frankly(broadly,generally,properly,strictly)speaking,judgingfrom(by),talkingabout,speakingof,lookingat,takingintoconsideration,putfrankly,taken(asawhole)等。具体例子具体例子2.41现在分词悬垂修饰2.42不定式的悬垂修饰2.43过去分词悬垂修饰2.5 定语从句2.51关系词关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等,绝对没有WHAT;关系副词有where,when,why.how等。关系词常有3个作用:连接作用,引导定语从句。代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。在定语从句中充当一句子成分。定语从句一般变化定语从句一般变化2.53只用that)(1)先 行 词 为 all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。2.54难点I will never forget the days_wespenttogether.Iwillneverforgetthedays_we spent our National Dayholidaytogether.Itisthefactory_wevisitedlastyear.It is the factory_we visitedMr.Yanglastyear.第五章 段落模块第一第一节 TheTopicSentence主主题句句段落段落=主主题句句+发展句展句+结论段段Topicsentence=subject+thecontrollingidea1.1下面不可以做主下面不可以做主题句的句子。句的句子。为什么?什么?1.2根据下面的主根据下面的主题句,思考需要哪些内容来支持它句,思考需要哪些内容来支持它2.SupportingSentences(developmentsentence,supportingdetails)发展句展句发展展句句有有数数据据,引引言言,事事件件,例例子子quotation,statistics,facts,example3.TheConcludingSentence结论句句正式的文体中,总结性质的句子。不是所有的段落,都有结论句。要是太长的段落最好有结论句。.注意文体:正式文章中不要用dont,havent缩写形式。Ways of Developing a Paragraph1.DevelopmentbyTime时间线索索2.DevelopmentbyProcess(过程)程)3.DevelopmentbySpace(空(空间)4.DevelopmentbyExample(例(例举法)法)5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast(对比比对照照法法)6).DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect(因果法)(因果法)7).DevelopmentbyClassification(分(分类法)法)1.Development by Time时间线索Chronological(Time)OrderorSequence(时间顺序)记叙文章或者说明性文章要按着程序顺序。Signal words often used for chronological order orsequenceare:first,second,third,etc./now,before,after(ward),later,until,while,when(ever),then,soon,sometimes,/next,last,finally,/immediately,suddenly,gradually,meanwhile2.Development by Process(过程)2.DevelopmentbyProcess(过程)程)做事情的过程,经常也是按着时间的顺序下来的。例文Thetopicsentence描绘theprocessofestablishingthegripofthehandontherod3.Development by Space(空间)常用连接词Space order:where(ever),behind,before,under,in,out,over,above,within,outside,around,upon,infrontof,inbackof,totheleft,totheright,at the top of,at the bottom,to thenorth(south,east,etc),up,down,through4.Development by Example(例举法)常用表例举连词forexample,forinstance,thatis,toillustrate,suchas,like,asTakeAforexample.5.Development by Comparison and Contrast(对比对照法)(1)Theblockpattern整体对比法(2)Thepointbypointpattern论点对比法常用过渡词:相似:like,likewise,similarly,inthesameway,too,also,correspondingly,equally.,as不同:however,but,yet,nevertheless,/onthecontrary,incontrast,whereas,ontheonehandontheotherhand/instead,still,rather,/although,though,eventhough/6).Development by Cause and Effect(因果法)常用到的过渡词有:therefore,consequently,accordingly,as a result,hence,so that,thus/since,because,for,for this reason,owingto,dueto特别一点7).Development by Classification(分类法)常用句子Bedividedinto,beclassifiedinto,begroupedinto,therearekinds/sorts/types/groups/ect.第六章 篇章第一第一节StructureofanEssay:OutlineI.Introduction1Introductorystatements2Thesisstatement3Introduce
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